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MCM-COM 2018 > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is general name for fluid connective tissue that circulates through the cardiovascular system

A

Blood

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2
Q

Blood consists of cells and a protein-rich fluid called _______

A

Plasma

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3
Q

What are the three types of formed elements that make up blood aside from the plasma fluid

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

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4
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

DELIVER:

  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Hormones
  4. Regulatory substances
  5. Immune system cells

TRANSPORT:
1. waste and CO2

Maintain HOMEOSTASIS:

  1. Act as buffer
  2. Coagulation
  3. Thermoregulation
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5
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Ratio of RBCs to total volume of blood
*PCV

-Centrifuged blood that results in the separation of the three types of formed elements

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6
Q

Leukocytes and platelets only make up ___% of blood volume and are known at the ____ in centrifuged blood

A

1%

Buffy coat

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7
Q

What percent of blood is plasma?

A

55%

*mainly water (92%) with proteins and other solutes

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8
Q

What percent of blood is erythrocytes ?

A

44% roughly

Male: 39-50%
Women: 35-45%

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9
Q

T/F

Blood Plasma is a solvent for a variety of solutes that include proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, and wastes

A

True

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10
Q

The electrolyte composition of interstitial fluid is a reflect of where it comes from. What is interstitial fluid derived from ?

A

Blood plasma

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11
Q

What are the three primary plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

*GAF

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12
Q

What is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

A

Blood Serum is blood plasma without the clotting factors

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13
Q

Which plasma protein is:

  1. Main constituent (50%)
  2. Made in the liver
  3. Responsible for exerting the concentration gradient between blood and EC tissue fluid
  4. Source of COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE
  5. Carries thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates
A

ALBUMIN

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14
Q

Albumin is the carrier protein for what three items?

A

Thyroxine
Bilirubin
Barbiturates

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15
Q

Which plasma protein:Is made of immunoglobulins and non-immune globulins

A

Globulins

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16
Q

What is the function of immunoglobulins (gamma-globulins)?

A
  • antibodies

- functional immune system molecules

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17
Q

What is the function of non-immune globulins (alpha and beta-globulins)?

A
  1. Maintain osmotic pressure
  2. Serve as Carrier protein

Includes:
Fibronectin
Lipoprotein
Coagulation factors

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18
Q

What plasma protein:

  1. Is the largest plasma protein in size
  2. Made in the liver
  3. Is involved in the clotting cascade
A

Fibrinogen

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19
Q

What two plasma proteins are made in the liver?

A

Albumin and fibrinogen

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20
Q

Describe what happens when soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble protein fibrin

A
  1. Fibrinogen chain break down to monomers
  2. Monomers polymerize forming long fibers
  3. Fibers are cross-linked
  4. Cross-linkage forms an impermeable net preventing further blood loss (makes a clot)
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21
Q

Where are all the formed elements (RBC, WBC, Platlets) of blood made?

A

Made in bone marrow

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22
Q

Which blood cell:

  1. No nucleus or typical organelles
  2. Bioconcave disc (flexible)
  3. Binds O2 for delivery to tissue
  4. Binds CO2 for removal from tissue
A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

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23
Q

What hold oxygen in RBC’s that allows it to deliver it to tissues ?

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

What is the life span of a RBC?

A

120 days

*1% removed each day

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25
Q

How are RBC disposed of?

A

Phagocytosed in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver

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26
Q

RBC’s form compact lines in the capillaries called ______

A

Rouleaux

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27
Q

What are immature RBC’s that are released into circulation from the bone marrow? How can they be identified as compared to normal RBC’s?

A

Reticulocytes

-identified by still having visible cell organelles

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28
Q

How long does it take for reticulocytes to mature in RBC’s?

A

1-2 days

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29
Q

What are the two integral membrane proteins that make up RBC cytoskeleton ?

A

Glycophorin C

Band 3 Protein

*has a phospholipid bilayer

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30
Q

What is the function of Glycophorin C?

A
  • RBC cytoskeleton intergalactic membrane protein

- attaches underlying cytoskeletal protein network to cell membrane

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31
Q

What is the function of Band 3 protein dimer ?

A
  • RBC cytoskeleton integral membrane protein

- binds hemoglobin and acts as an anchoring site for cytoskeletal proteins

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32
Q

What is responsible for determining ABO blood type on a RBC?

A

The carbohydrate-defined blood group antigens found on the extracellular side of RBC intergral membrane proteins

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33
Q

What is the function of RBC peripheral membrane proteins?

A
  • create lattice network that coats and protects the inner layer of membrane for its flexibility
  • spectrin, Band 4.1 protein complex, ankyrin protein complex
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34
Q

The lattice network inside of a RBC is composed of what proteins?

A

A-spectrin and B-spectrin

Spectrin = heterodimer that forms long flexible tetramers

35
Q

What protein complexes anchor spectrin (lattice network proteins) inside of RBC’s

A

Band 4.1 protein complex \

Ankyrin protein complex

36
Q

What protein complex interacts with glycophorin C which attaches the lattice cytoskeleton network to the RBC membrane

A

Band 4.1 protein complex

*anchors spectrin

37
Q

Which protein complex interacts with band 3 protein dimer which binds hemoglobin and is another anchoring site for cytoskeleton proteins

A

Ankyrin protein complex (band 4.2 protein)

*anchors spectrin

38
Q

What is the accelerated destruction of RBC’s that causes a decreased level of Hgb in the blood

A

Hemolytic anemia

Hereditary disease

39
Q

What vitamin insufficiencys can cause anemia

A

Fe
B12
Folic acid

40
Q

What occurs when RBC’s are unable to adapt to changes in osmotic pressure and/or have mechanical deformations of the cytoskeleton

A

RBC hemolysis

*possible anemia if lots of RBC are lost

41
Q

Which disease is characterized by:

  • autosomal dominance
  • affects ankyrin complex
  • defective anchor points cause membrane to detach and peel off
  • causes SPHERICAL RBC’s
A

Hereditary spherocytosis

  • leads to destruction of RBCs
  • hemolytic anemia
42
Q

What proteins are involved in the ankyrin complex

A

Band 3 protein dimer
Band 4.2 (ankyrin )
Spectrin

43
Q

What disease is characterized by:

  • autosomal dominance
  • defective spectrin-spectrin bonds
  • defective spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 junctions
  • no membrane rebound
  • causes elongation of RBC
  • ELLIPITCAL shaped RBCs
A

Hereditary elliptocytosis

  • causes destruction of RBC
  • hemolytic anemia
44
Q

Hemolytic anemia can cause _____; yellow appearance of the sclera of the eye and skin

A

Jaundice

*characteristic of hemolytic anemia’s from inherited RBC defect and pathogenic microorganisms

45
Q

Why is jaundice common in newborn infants?

A

Because of inefficiency of the newborn liver

46
Q

What disease is caused by a single-point mutation in the B-glowing chain of Hemoglobin A (glutamic acid —>valine)

A

Sickle-cell anemia

*seen by sickle hemoglobin (HbS) and sickled RBC

47
Q

What are characteristics of sickled RBC’s

A
  • blood is more viscous
  • sickled RBC’s are more fragile
  • breakdown after 20 days
  • pile up in the smallest capillaries
  • may cause large-vessel obstruction
48
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes (WBC’s)

A

granulocytes

Agranulocytes

*groups based on large prominent granules vs very small granule presence

49
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes ?

A

“All the feels”

  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
50
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

51
Q

What is the mnemonic that shows the varying amount of WBC types in the blood from largest to smallest?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
52
Q

Which WBC (G) has a multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphs); lack of cytoplasmic staining, and is usually stained purple

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A

In acute inflammation and tissue injury

  • secrete enzymes
  • ingest damages tissue
  • kill invading microorganisms
  • can recognize and bind to bacteria and foreign organisms
  • can leave circulatory system and take residence in surrounding tissue
54
Q

What are the three neutrophil granules that represent the phagocytotic function of neutrophils

A
  1. Azurophilic granules
  2. Specific granules
  3. Tertiary granules
55
Q

Which neutrophilic granule is the primary granule with lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)

A

Azurophiillc granules

56
Q

Which neutrophilic granule is the secondary granule which various enzymes, complement activators, and antimicrobial peptides

A

Specific granules

57
Q

Which neutrophilic granule is made of phosphatase and metalloproteinases- which allow movement to the surrounding tissue or site of action

A

Tertiary granules

58
Q

What is chemotaxis of neutrophils mean

A

Movement of neutrophils to specific site (injury site) by attraction of signals

59
Q

What WBC (g) is bi-lobed, stains pink, and made up of both specific granules and azurophilic granules

A

Eosinophils

60
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A
  • release arylsulfatase
  • release histaminase
  • phagocytose antigen-Ab complexes
  • mediate chronic inflammation
  • mediate parasitic infection
61
Q

What is the increase in the number of eosinophils in response to allergies to parasitic infection ?

A

Eosinophilia

62
Q

What is histamine

A

a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

*increases blood flow and inflammation therefore eosinophils have histmainase to mediate chronic inflammation

63
Q

What WBC (G) lobed nucleus’s is obscured by granules present and is stained purple

A

Basophils

64
Q

Basophils are functionally related to what type of cells

A

Mast cells (recognize antibodies)

65
Q

What WBC (g) binds an antigen-IgE antibody complex and triggers activiation

A

Basophils

66
Q

What are the functions of basophils ?

A
  • bind to antigen-antibody complex and trigger activiation
  • release vasoactive agents
  • responsible for vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis

*ALLERGIES

67
Q

Which WBC (A) are the main functional cells of the immune system

A

Lymphocytes

68
Q

Which WBC (A) are seen by spherical nucleus’s with think pale blue rim of cytoplasm

A

Lymphocytes

69
Q

Which WBC (A) are not terminally differentiated and can become other effector cells because they are released from the bone marrow was immature cells and mature in the blood

A

Lymphocytes

70
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Natural (NK) cells

71
Q

Which lymphocytes undergo differentiation in the thymus, have a long life span, and involved in cell-mediated immunity (no antibodies)

A

T lymphocytes

72
Q

What lymphocytes form and differentiate in bone marrow and transform into plasma cells (antibodies)

A

B lymphocytes

*indistinguishable between T cells on a blood smear

73
Q

What lymphocytes are programmed to kill virus-infected and/ or tumor cells

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

74
Q

What WBC (A) have a heart shaped or “C” shaped nucleus with small azurophilic granules

A

Monocytes

75
Q

Which WBC (A) differentiate into phagocytes in tissues. Becomes a macrophage when it leaves the blood and enters tissue.

A

Monocytes

  • mononuclear phagocytotic system
  • osteoclasts
  • macrophages
  • Kupffer cells
76
Q

What part of blood is characterized by a pink stain, and is small membrane-bound cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes, are involved in hemostasis

A

Thrombocytes (platlets)

77
Q

What are large polyploid cells in bone marrow

A

Megakaryocyte

78
Q

What is hemostasis

A

Control of bleeding

79
Q

T/F

Damage in vasculature promotes platelet adhesion

A

True

*thrombocytosis

80
Q

When platelets release, what role does serotonin play in thrombocytosis

A

Serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor which causes smooth muscle contraction and reduces blood flow at the injury site

*PREVENTS BLOOD LOSS BY STOPPPING BLOOD FLOW

81
Q

When platelets release in thrombocytosis, what is the function of ADP and thromboxane A2

A

they increase aggregation of platelets to form a primary hemostatic plug to stop bleeding

82
Q

Platelets provide a surface for the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to ______. What is the function of this molecule

A

Fibrin

  • forms a mesh over the initial plug which entraps the platelets and forms a secondary hemostatic plug
  • remember fibrinogen comes from the plasma
83
Q

What is Diapedesis

A

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

“neutrophils leave the circulation and migrate to their site of action in tissues. Controlled by adhesion molecules that interact with ligand on endothelial cells. Further direction by chemotaxis”.

MCM-COM 2018 (14 decks)

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