Basic Blood Flashcards
What is general name for fluid connective tissue that circulates through the cardiovascular system
Blood
Blood consists of cells and a protein-rich fluid called _______
Plasma
What are the three types of formed elements that make up blood aside from the plasma fluid
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
What are the functions of blood
DELIVER:
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Hormones
- Regulatory substances
- Immune system cells
TRANSPORT:
1. waste and CO2
Maintain HOMEOSTASIS:
- Act as buffer
- Coagulation
- Thermoregulation
What is hematocrit?
Ratio of RBCs to total volume of blood
*PCV
-Centrifuged blood that results in the separation of the three types of formed elements
Leukocytes and platelets only make up ___% of blood volume and are known at the ____ in centrifuged blood
1%
Buffy coat
What percent of blood is plasma?
55%
*mainly water (92%) with proteins and other solutes
What percent of blood is erythrocytes ?
44% roughly
Male: 39-50%
Women: 35-45%
T/F
Blood Plasma is a solvent for a variety of solutes that include proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, and wastes
True
The electrolyte composition of interstitial fluid is a reflect of where it comes from. What is interstitial fluid derived from ?
Blood plasma
What are the three primary plasma proteins?
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
*GAF
What is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?
Blood Serum is blood plasma without the clotting factors
Which plasma protein is:
- Main constituent (50%)
- Made in the liver
- Responsible for exerting the concentration gradient between blood and EC tissue fluid
- Source of COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE
- Carries thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates
ALBUMIN
Albumin is the carrier protein for what three items?
Thyroxine
Bilirubin
Barbiturates
Which plasma protein:Is made of immunoglobulins and non-immune globulins
Globulins
What is the function of immunoglobulins (gamma-globulins)?
- antibodies
- functional immune system molecules
What is the function of non-immune globulins (alpha and beta-globulins)?
- Maintain osmotic pressure
- Serve as Carrier protein
Includes:
Fibronectin
Lipoprotein
Coagulation factors
What plasma protein:
- Is the largest plasma protein in size
- Made in the liver
- Is involved in the clotting cascade
Fibrinogen
What two plasma proteins are made in the liver?
Albumin and fibrinogen
Describe what happens when soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble protein fibrin
- Fibrinogen chain break down to monomers
- Monomers polymerize forming long fibers
- Fibers are cross-linked
- Cross-linkage forms an impermeable net preventing further blood loss (makes a clot)
Where are all the formed elements (RBC, WBC, Platlets) of blood made?
Made in bone marrow
Which blood cell:
- No nucleus or typical organelles
- Bioconcave disc (flexible)
- Binds O2 for delivery to tissue
- Binds CO2 for removal from tissue
Erythrocytes (RBC)
What hold oxygen in RBC’s that allows it to deliver it to tissues ?
Hemoglobin
What is the life span of a RBC?
120 days
*1% removed each day
How are RBC disposed of?
Phagocytosed in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver
RBC’s form compact lines in the capillaries called ______
Rouleaux
What are immature RBC’s that are released into circulation from the bone marrow? How can they be identified as compared to normal RBC’s?
Reticulocytes
-identified by still having visible cell organelles
How long does it take for reticulocytes to mature in RBC’s?
1-2 days
What are the two integral membrane proteins that make up RBC cytoskeleton ?
Glycophorin C
Band 3 Protein
*has a phospholipid bilayer
What is the function of Glycophorin C?
- RBC cytoskeleton intergalactic membrane protein
- attaches underlying cytoskeletal protein network to cell membrane
What is the function of Band 3 protein dimer ?
- RBC cytoskeleton integral membrane protein
- binds hemoglobin and acts as an anchoring site for cytoskeletal proteins
What is responsible for determining ABO blood type on a RBC?
The carbohydrate-defined blood group antigens found on the extracellular side of RBC intergral membrane proteins
What is the function of RBC peripheral membrane proteins?
- create lattice network that coats and protects the inner layer of membrane for its flexibility
- spectrin, Band 4.1 protein complex, ankyrin protein complex
The lattice network inside of a RBC is composed of what proteins?
A-spectrin and B-spectrin
Spectrin = heterodimer that forms long flexible tetramers
What protein complexes anchor spectrin (lattice network proteins) inside of RBC’s
Band 4.1 protein complex \
Ankyrin protein complex
What protein complex interacts with glycophorin C which attaches the lattice cytoskeleton network to the RBC membrane
Band 4.1 protein complex
*anchors spectrin
Which protein complex interacts with band 3 protein dimer which binds hemoglobin and is another anchoring site for cytoskeleton proteins
Ankyrin protein complex (band 4.2 protein)
*anchors spectrin
What is the accelerated destruction of RBC’s that causes a decreased level of Hgb in the blood
Hemolytic anemia
Hereditary disease
What vitamin insufficiencys can cause anemia
Fe
B12
Folic acid
What occurs when RBC’s are unable to adapt to changes in osmotic pressure and/or have mechanical deformations of the cytoskeleton
RBC hemolysis
*possible anemia if lots of RBC are lost
Which disease is characterized by:
- autosomal dominance
- affects ankyrin complex
- defective anchor points cause membrane to detach and peel off
- causes SPHERICAL RBC’s
Hereditary spherocytosis
- leads to destruction of RBCs
- hemolytic anemia
What proteins are involved in the ankyrin complex
Band 3 protein dimer
Band 4.2 (ankyrin )
Spectrin
What disease is characterized by:
- autosomal dominance
- defective spectrin-spectrin bonds
- defective spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 junctions
- no membrane rebound
- causes elongation of RBC
- ELLIPITCAL shaped RBCs
Hereditary elliptocytosis
- causes destruction of RBC
- hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia can cause _____; yellow appearance of the sclera of the eye and skin
Jaundice
*characteristic of hemolytic anemia’s from inherited RBC defect and pathogenic microorganisms
Why is jaundice common in newborn infants?
Because of inefficiency of the newborn liver
What disease is caused by a single-point mutation in the B-glowing chain of Hemoglobin A (glutamic acid —>valine)
Sickle-cell anemia
*seen by sickle hemoglobin (HbS) and sickled RBC
What are characteristics of sickled RBC’s
- blood is more viscous
- sickled RBC’s are more fragile
- breakdown after 20 days
- pile up in the smallest capillaries
- may cause large-vessel obstruction
What are the two types of leukocytes (WBC’s)
granulocytes
Agranulocytes
*groups based on large prominent granules vs very small granule presence
What are the 3 types of granulocytes ?
“All the feels”
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
What is the mnemonic that shows the varying amount of WBC types in the blood from largest to smallest?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
- Neutrophils
- Leukocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Which WBC (G) has a multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphs); lack of cytoplasmic staining, and is usually stained purple
Neutrophils
What is the function of neutrophils
In acute inflammation and tissue injury
- secrete enzymes
- ingest damages tissue
- kill invading microorganisms
- can recognize and bind to bacteria and foreign organisms
- can leave circulatory system and take residence in surrounding tissue
What are the three neutrophil granules that represent the phagocytotic function of neutrophils
- Azurophilic granules
- Specific granules
- Tertiary granules
Which neutrophilic granule is the primary granule with lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Azurophiillc granules
Which neutrophilic granule is the secondary granule which various enzymes, complement activators, and antimicrobial peptides
Specific granules
Which neutrophilic granule is made of phosphatase and metalloproteinases- which allow movement to the surrounding tissue or site of action
Tertiary granules
What is chemotaxis of neutrophils mean
Movement of neutrophils to specific site (injury site) by attraction of signals
What WBC (g) is bi-lobed, stains pink, and made up of both specific granules and azurophilic granules
Eosinophils
What is the function of eosinophils
- release arylsulfatase
- release histaminase
- phagocytose antigen-Ab complexes
- mediate chronic inflammation
- mediate parasitic infection
What is the increase in the number of eosinophils in response to allergies to parasitic infection ?
Eosinophilia
What is histamine
a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
*increases blood flow and inflammation therefore eosinophils have histmainase to mediate chronic inflammation
What WBC (G) lobed nucleus’s is obscured by granules present and is stained purple
Basophils
Basophils are functionally related to what type of cells
Mast cells (recognize antibodies)
What WBC (g) binds an antigen-IgE antibody complex and triggers activiation
Basophils
What are the functions of basophils ?
- bind to antigen-antibody complex and trigger activiation
- release vasoactive agents
- responsible for vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis
*ALLERGIES
Which WBC (A) are the main functional cells of the immune system
Lymphocytes
Which WBC (A) are seen by spherical nucleus’s with think pale blue rim of cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
Which WBC (A) are not terminally differentiated and can become other effector cells because they are released from the bone marrow was immature cells and mature in the blood
Lymphocytes
What are the three types of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Natural (NK) cells
Which lymphocytes undergo differentiation in the thymus, have a long life span, and involved in cell-mediated immunity (no antibodies)
T lymphocytes
What lymphocytes form and differentiate in bone marrow and transform into plasma cells (antibodies)
B lymphocytes
*indistinguishable between T cells on a blood smear
What lymphocytes are programmed to kill virus-infected and/ or tumor cells
Natural killer (NK) cells
What WBC (A) have a heart shaped or “C” shaped nucleus with small azurophilic granules
Monocytes
Which WBC (A) differentiate into phagocytes in tissues. Becomes a macrophage when it leaves the blood and enters tissue.
Monocytes
- mononuclear phagocytotic system
- osteoclasts
- macrophages
- Kupffer cells
What part of blood is characterized by a pink stain, and is small membrane-bound cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes, are involved in hemostasis
Thrombocytes (platlets)
What are large polyploid cells in bone marrow
Megakaryocyte
What is hemostasis
Control of bleeding
T/F
Damage in vasculature promotes platelet adhesion
True
*thrombocytosis
When platelets release, what role does serotonin play in thrombocytosis
Serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor which causes smooth muscle contraction and reduces blood flow at the injury site
*PREVENTS BLOOD LOSS BY STOPPPING BLOOD FLOW
When platelets release in thrombocytosis, what is the function of ADP and thromboxane A2
they increase aggregation of platelets to form a primary hemostatic plug to stop bleeding
Platelets provide a surface for the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to ______. What is the function of this molecule
Fibrin
- forms a mesh over the initial plug which entraps the platelets and forms a secondary hemostatic plug
- remember fibrinogen comes from the plasma
What is Diapedesis
the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
“neutrophils leave the circulation and migrate to their site of action in tissues. Controlled by adhesion molecules that interact with ligand on endothelial cells. Further direction by chemotaxis”.
