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MCM-COM 2018 > Cell Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs in the Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Protein synthesis,

Lipid synthesis, protein folding, and storage of calcium

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2
Q

What occurs in the Golgi apparatus

A

Post-translational changes of proteins and lipids, and trafficking

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3
Q

What is the mitochondria responsible for

A

Making ATP
Signaling
Cell differentiation
Cell death

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4
Q

What is the peroxisomes responsible for

A

Small vesicular compartments that contain enzymes used in redox reactions

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5
Q

Two kinds of eukaryotic cells

A

Liver hepatocytes and pancreatic exocrine cells

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6
Q

In pancreatic exocrine cells, what type of membrane makes up the greatest percent of the cell

A

Rough ER membrane (about 60%)

*lots of protein synthesis

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7
Q

In liver heptaocytes cells, what membrane makes up the largest percent

A

Inner membrane mitochondria (32%)

*lots of energy being made

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8
Q

What are the three topoligical categories of cells

A
  1. Nucleus and cytosol
    • communicate through nuclear pores
  2. ER, golgi, endoscopes, and lysosomes
    • communicate through vesicles
  3. Mitochondria
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9
Q

Membrane _____ and ______ allows the lumen of the cell compartments to communicate with each other and with the cell exterior

A

Budding and fusion

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10
Q

What are the structural components of the ER

A

Cisternae (flat sacs)
Tubules
Vesicles

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11
Q

The ER divides the cytoplasm into what two compartments

A
  1. Luminal or cistern all compartment

2. Cytoplasmic or cytosolic compartment

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12
Q

Important functions of the Rough ER

A
  1. Proteins are modified and assembled
  2. Segregation of proteins for intracellular use
  3. Export from the cell (collagen, cell membrane proteins)

*cells that make a lot of secreted proteins have a lot of RER

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13
Q

The mechanism by which secretory proteins are directed to the endoplasmic reticulum is explained by the _________ ________

A

Signal sequence

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14
Q

T/F

Most proteins exit the Golgi Apparatus in vesicles transported to the cis portion of the RER

A

False

Exit the RER and sent to the Golgi apparatus

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15
Q

Important functions for the Smooth ER

A
  1. Glycogen metabolism
  2. Lipid synthesis
  3. Phospholipid synthesis
  4. Detoxification
  5. Steriodogensis
  6. Calcium regulation

**abundant in cells that make STEROIDS or LIPIDS

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16
Q

2 ways the RER and SER are different

A
  1. SER lacks ribosomes

2. SER has tubular cisternae and the RER has flat elongated cisternae

17
Q

Each Golgi stack (in the Golgi apparatus) has two distinct faces: an _____ face and an ____ face

A

Entry (cis) face
Exit (trans) face

*the CIS Golgi is adjacent to the ER and the TRANS Golgi points toward the plasma membrane or nucleus

18
Q

Main functions of the Golgi apparatus

A
  1. Modifications of carbs
  2. Polysaccharide and oligosaccharide synthesis
  3. Shingomyelin and glycosphingolipid synthesis
  4. Sorting of secretory products (*MARKING LYOSOSMAL ENZYMES WITH MANNOSE 6 PHOSPHATE)
  5. Packing and storing secretory products into granules or vesicles
19
Q

The Golgi disassembles in _______ and reassembles in ________

A
  1. Mitosis/ meiosis

2. Interphase

20
Q

The vesicular transport mechanism (by continual budding and fusion) involves what two types of. Coated vesicles

A
  1. Clathrin-coated vesicles

3. COP-coated vesicles (COat Protein)

21
Q

Which vesicle type transports products from the golgi to lysosomes or products from the exterior of the cell to lysosomes (like cholesterol)

A

Clathrin-coated vesicles

**transport vesicles coated by the protein clathrin which are seen in the exocytosis/secretory and endocytosis pathway

22
Q

What vesicle type transports products between stacks of the golgi COPI-coated vesicles and ER to the golgi COPII-coated vesicles

A

COP-coated vesicles

23
Q

What mediates clathrin binding to the vesicle membrane

A

Adaptins

24
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles that contain 50-60 hydrolytic enzymes are most active at _______ pH that is capable of breaking down proteins, carbs, fats, and nucleic acids

A

Acidic pH

25
Q

What is the recycling system of the cell

A

Lysosomes

26
Q

Lysosomes contain an ____________ to maintain an acidic environment

A

ATP-dependent H+ pump

27
Q

Describe primary lysosomes

A

The storage site of lysosomal hydro leases

 - no digestive events
 - homogenous 
 - inactive enzymes
28
Q

Describe Secondary lysosomes

A

Engaged in catalytic process

 - digestive enzymes 
 - heterogeneous
 - active enzymes
29
Q

What are the 3 pathways for intracellular degradation

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Autophagy
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
30
Q

How are lysosomes formed

A

From fusion of transport vesicles with Endosomes

Clathrin components recycled and early endosomes mature into late endosomes which are precursors of secondary lysosomes

31
Q

What is familial hypercholesterolemia

A
  • mechanism of cholesterol uptake is disrupted
  • elevation of LDL (main cholesterol transport protein)
  • primary defect is mutation in the LDL receptor encoding gene

**high LDL levels leads to atherosclerotic plaques

32
Q

What cells form H2O2, which is immediately broken down by catalase

A

Peroxisomes (micro bodies)

33
Q

What are the main function of peroxisomes

A

Synthesis and degradation of H2O2

B-oxidation. Of LCFA’s

Synthesis of bile acids and cholesterol

Detoxify alcohol

34
Q

Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD)

A

Peroxisomes biogenesis disorders caused by defects in the assembly of peroxisomes by at least one defect of the 12 genes that synthesize peroxisomes

35
Q

Zellweger Syndrome

A

*Most serious ZSD

Absence or reduced number of peroxisomes in the cells

Resent at birth

No cure or treatment and causes death by one year

36
Q

T/F

Mitochondria are associated with the microtubular cytoskeleton

A

True

*make up 20% of cytoplasmic volume

37
Q

T/F

Mitochondria retain there own DNA

A

True

MCM-COM 2018 (14 decks)

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