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CAS UJ mod 1 > Tissue and Cell Damage > Flashcards

Tissue and Cell Damage Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular adaptation

A

Cells are capable of adjusting their structure and function in response to unusual physiological and pathological conditions

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2
Q

Tissue and cell behavior due to injury or noxious agents

A

Mild injury or stress = cells alter or adapt (removal of stress results in return to normal
Severe injury = cellular death (necrosis)
Injury can occur at molecular, cellular, tissue or organ level.

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3
Q

Causes of cell damage

A 
Oxygen disruption
Physical injury
Chemical injury
Toxins
Immunological
Nutrition
Genetic defect
Ageing
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4
Q

Cell damage: Oxygen

A

reduced oxygen supply due to ischaemia, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and anemia.

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5
Q

Cell damage: Physical injury

A

Mechanical trauma to cells: Excessive heat, cold or radiation.

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6
Q

Cell damage: Chemical injury

A

Chemical origin eg. Lead

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7
Q

Cell damage: Toxins (biological)

A

Toxins from bacteria, plants or animals

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8
Q

Cell damage: Immunological mechanism

A

Abnormal immune reactions (hypersensitivity states) = body attacks it’s own cells

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9
Q

Cell damage: Nutrition

A

Abnormal nutritional intake

Mal-absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

Cell damage: Genetic defects

A

Genetic defective coding in cell production

eg Down syndrome

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11
Q

Cell damage: Ageing

A

With ageing cells are less able to rebound from mild injury leading to progressive necrosis.

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12
Q

Factors influencing Cell damage

A

Type of damage or nature of injury (reduction in blood supply)
Duration of injury
Degree of intensity
Cell adaptability (state, nutrition, metabolism and hormone interaction)
Location of injury

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13
Q

Cellular adaptations to injury (Atrophy)

A

Decrease in cell size or numbers (organ or tissue shrinkage)

May be reversible if causative factor is removed.

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14
Q

Causes of Cell Atrophy

A

Slow or reduce blood supply (reduced O2 and nutrients)
Reduced function (not being used)
Reduced nerve supply (polymyelitis)
Endocrine deficiency (Pituitary gland defect will lead to smaller thyroid and adrenals)
Pressure on structure or organ (Neoplasm)
Nutritional atrophy (starvation)

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15
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size
May be reversible
Exceptions = heart muscle & retinal pigment

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16
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

plasia = development/formation

17
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Decrease in cell number

Often congenital or genetic in origin

18
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change of one type of differentiated tissue to another

Often occurs with epithelial and connective tissue

19
Q

Aplasia

A

Absence or lack of development (cells or tissue)

20
Q

Agenesis

A

Limited development and use

Tonsils, wisdom teeth

21
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of cell or group of cells within living body
Follow severe hypoxia, physical or chemical injury
Visible and irreversible

22
Q

Apoptosis vs Necrosis

A 
Apoptosis:
Affect single cells
No Inflammatory response
Cell Shrinkage
Apoptotic bodies ingested by neighboring cells
Necrosis:
Affects groups of neighboring cells
Significant inflammatory response
Cell swelling
Lysed cells ingested by macrophages
23
Q

Types of Necrosis

A 
Coagulative Necrosis
Liquefactive Necrosis
Fat Necrosis
Caseous Necrosis
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Gangrene
24
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

Protein denaturation is more prominent than enzymatic breakdown
Increase eosinopilia of cytoplasm and decreased basophilia of nucleus
Affects organs with high fat content (brain)
Coagulative necrosis is followed by liquefactive necrosis

25
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A

Enzymatic breakdown is more prominent than protein denaturation
Also more prominent in organs lacking protein rich matrix (brain) (high fat) or organs with high enzymatic content (pancreas)

26
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

Change in adipose tissue due to trauma or enzyme release from neighboring organs (pancreas)
Causes breakdown of lipids and fatty acid release which combine with Ca2+ to form chalky deposit

27
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

Cheese-like appearance
The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass
Assoc with TB and granulomatous disease

28
Q

Fibrinoid Necrosis

A

Hallmark is scarring

Connective tissue and arterial walls are infiltrated by eosinophilic hyaline material similar to fibrin

29
Q

Gangrene

A

Complication of necrosis (secondary to ischaemia)

Ischaemia is related to a lack of blood supply

30
Q

Necrosis hallmarks

A

Heat
Swelling
Loss of function

31
Q

Apoptosis

A

Normal physiological process of cell removal
“Natural programmed death”
Empty space filled in by surrounding cells
Result = removing cell debris without organ damage

CAS UJ mod 1 (9 decks)

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