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CAS UJ mod 1 > Intro to Path & Disease > Flashcards

Intro to Path & Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology is the study of:

A 
Causes
Processes 
Development 
Consequences
of the nature of disease
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2
Q

Clinical manifestations are

A

Signs
Symptoms
Or both

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3
Q

Aetiology

A

Cause of disease

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4
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Mechanism causing disease

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5
Q

Pathological and Clinical manifestations

A

Structure and functional features of disease

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6
Q

Compilation and sequelae

A

Secondary, systemic or remote consequences of disease

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7
Q

Prognosis

A

Anticipated course of disease ito cure, remission or fate of px

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8
Q

Epidemiology

A

Incidence, prevalence and pop distribution of disease

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9
Q

Classification of disease

DDNI

A

Developmental
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Degenerative

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10
Q

Developmental

A

Interrupts human development

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11
Q

Inflammatory

A

Process by which WBC and chemicals protect the body from infection
Driven by immune system

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12
Q

Neoplastic

A

New or abnormal growth

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13
Q

Degenerative

A

Function or structure of affected tissue or organs deteriorate over time
Symptoms worsens over time

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14
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-optahy

A

Presence of a non-specific disease process

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-itis

A

Inflammation or infection

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16
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-oma

A

Neoplastic pathogenesis- benign or malignant

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-osis

A

Condition due to increase of some non-specific agent

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18
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-oid

A

Condition that resembles another tissue or process

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19
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-plasia

A

Altered tissue by virtue of change in cell number

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

- trophy

A

Altered tissue by virtue of change in cell size

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21
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-schisis

A

Presence of separation of tissue planes

22
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-dynia/algia

A

Pain

23
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-plegia

A

Paralysis

24
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:

-aemia

A

Disorders of blood

25
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:

Hyper

A

Excessive

26
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:

Hypo

A

Decreased

27
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:

Meta

A

Change of tissue type

28
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:

Neo

A

New

29
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:

A

A

Absence / without

30
Q

Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:

Dys

A

Abnormal

31
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

Ability for cell or organism to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

Homeostatic imbalance = inability to maintain homeostasis may lead to death or disease

32
Q

Homeostasis organ

A 
Liver
Kidneys
Brain - hypothalamus
          - autonomic nervous system
          - endocrine system
33
Q

Homeostasis 3 components

A

Receptor - integrator - effector

Eg. Stimulus- nerve ending - brain - muscle

System output feeds back to receptor for feedback loop for homeostatic control

34
Q

Body temp regulation

A

Receptor. = skin thermometer receptor register body too cold

Integrator = hypothalamus
Outputs motor neuron impulse to effector

Effector = sweat glands and muscles

35
Q

Thermoregulation

A 
Body temp drops below norm
- blood vessels constrict
- decreased blood flow to skin
- sweat gland deactivate 
- no sweating
- shivering - muscle friction creates heat
Body temp rises
36
Q

Acid Base Balance - maintained by

A

Acid is excreted or metabolized

37
Q

Acid Base Balance - Metabolism produced acids

A

Cabonic Acid: CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
Lactic Acid: anaerobic metabolism
Phosphoric and Sulphuric Acid: protein metabolism
Fatty Acids: Lipid metabolism

38
Q

Alkalosis vs Acidosis

A

Alkalosis results from rapid acid elimination
Acidosis results from failure to eliminate acids
Dependent on H+ in extracellular and intracellular fluid

39
Q

Acid Alkali levels

A

Acids are linked to H+ ions

Alkali are linked to Carbon ions

40
Q

Acid Base balance - defined

A

Alkalosis = pH greater than 7.45
Acidosis = pH lower than 7.35
Acid Base balance ensures the right amount of O2 is delivered to tissues.
Respiratory and Kidney malfunction will lead to either Acidosis or Alkalosis.

41
Q

Factors that influence Homeostasis

A 
Temperature
Stress
Antibody -Antigen reaction
Auto-immune response
Infections
Inflammation
Neoplasia
Endocrine disorders and dysfunction
Chemical poisons
Physical causes and trauma
Genetic disturbance
Nutritional defects
Metabolic dysfunction
Degeneration
Iatrogenic
42
Q

Temperature effect on Homeostasis

A

Extreme heat or cold
reduction in temperature should result in body acceleration
Increased heat may lead to heat production - exhaustion and heat stroke

43
Q

Stress effect on Homeostasis

A

Causes adrenal cortex to release Cortisol
Cortisol suppresses immune system (anti-inflammotory)
Cortisol elevation may lead to Cushing syndrome or Mineralocorticoid Hypertension

44
Q

Antibody-Antigen effect on Homeostasis

A

Antigens provokes specific immune response to virus or bacteria
Antibodies are proteins produced during immune response to prevent homeostatic disruption.
Reverse homeostasis occurs when antibodies attack the body’s own proteins.

45
Q

Infections effect on Homeostasis

A

Infectious micro-organisms produce exotoxins
Hemolysis depletes RBC and releases K+ into extracellular fluid
K+ elevation accelerate bacterial replication resulting in increased alkalosis in extracellular fluid

46
Q

Inflammation effect on Homeostasis

A

Inflammatory response leads to vascular dilation and increased vascular permeability
Resulting in plasma leakage and exudation (protein rich)

47
Q

Neoplasia effect on Homeostasis

A

New growth disturbs homeostasis (faster growth than normal cells)
New cells overproduce hormones or results in cellular malnutrition (increased nutrient competition)

48
Q

Chemical effect on Homeostasis

A

Direct actions from poisons - cyanide, nicotine and environmental pollutants
Indirect actions - chemicals may cause tumors which in turn affect homeostasis

49
Q

Nutrition effect on Homeostasis

A

occurs when nutrient intake consistently falls below RDA

Results in anemia, osteoporosis, rickets etc

50
Q

Metabolic dysfunction effect on Homeostasis

A 
Due to:
Interference with absorption
Inefficient transport within the body
Defective utilization
eg. Diabetes, obesity
51
Q

Degeneration effect on Homeostasis

A

Senility causes reduction in organ size due to progressive cell loss - reduced homeostatic functionality

52
Q

Iatrogenic effect on Homeostasis

A

As with physical or traumatic loss of homeostatic functionality due to structural changes

CAS UJ mod 1 (9 decks)

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