Intro to Path & Disease Flashcards
Pathology is the study of:
Causes Processes Development Consequences of the nature of disease
Clinical manifestations are
Signs
Symptoms
Or both
Aetiology
Cause of disease
Pathogenesis
Mechanism causing disease
Pathological and Clinical manifestations
Structure and functional features of disease
Compilation and sequelae
Secondary, systemic or remote consequences of disease
Prognosis
Anticipated course of disease ito cure, remission or fate of px
Epidemiology
Incidence, prevalence and pop distribution of disease
Classification of disease
DDNI
Developmental
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Degenerative
Developmental
Interrupts human development
Inflammatory
Process by which WBC and chemicals protect the body from infection
Driven by immune system
Neoplastic
New or abnormal growth
Degenerative
Function or structure of affected tissue or organs deteriorate over time
Symptoms worsens over time
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-optahy
Presence of a non-specific disease process
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-itis
Inflammation or infection
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-oma
Neoplastic pathogenesis- benign or malignant
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-osis
Condition due to increase of some non-specific agent
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-oid
Condition that resembles another tissue or process
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-plasia
Altered tissue by virtue of change in cell number
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
- trophy
Altered tissue by virtue of change in cell size
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-schisis
Presence of separation of tissue planes
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-dynia/algia
Pain
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-plegia
Paralysis
Pathogenesis of conditions by suffix:
-aemia
Disorders of blood
Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:
Hyper
Excessive
Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:
Hypo
Decreased
Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:
Meta
Change of tissue type
Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:
Neo
New
Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:
A
Absence / without
Pathogenesis of conditions by prefix:
Dys
Abnormal
Homeostasis definition
Ability for cell or organism to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
Homeostatic imbalance = inability to maintain homeostasis may lead to death or disease
Homeostasis organ
Liver
Kidneys
Brain - hypothalamus
- autonomic nervous system
- endocrine systemHomeostasis 3 components
Receptor - integrator - effector
Eg. Stimulus- nerve ending - brain - muscle
System output feeds back to receptor for feedback loop for homeostatic control
Body temp regulation
Receptor. = skin thermometer receptor register body too cold
Integrator = hypothalamus
Outputs motor neuron impulse to effector
Effector = sweat glands and muscles
Thermoregulation
Body temp drops below norm - blood vessels constrict - decreased blood flow to skin - sweat gland deactivate - no sweating - shivering - muscle friction creates heat Body temp rises
Acid Base Balance - maintained by
Acid is excreted or metabolized
Acid Base Balance - Metabolism produced acids
Cabonic Acid: CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
Lactic Acid: anaerobic metabolism
Phosphoric and Sulphuric Acid: protein metabolism
Fatty Acids: Lipid metabolism
Alkalosis vs Acidosis
Alkalosis results from rapid acid elimination
Acidosis results from failure to eliminate acids
Dependent on H+ in extracellular and intracellular fluid
Acid Alkali levels
Acids are linked to H+ ions
Alkali are linked to Carbon ions
Acid Base balance - defined
Alkalosis = pH greater than 7.45
Acidosis = pH lower than 7.35
Acid Base balance ensures the right amount of O2 is delivered to tissues.
Respiratory and Kidney malfunction will lead to either Acidosis or Alkalosis.
Factors that influence Homeostasis
Temperature Stress Antibody -Antigen reaction Auto-immune response Infections Inflammation Neoplasia Endocrine disorders and dysfunction Chemical poisons Physical causes and trauma Genetic disturbance Nutritional defects Metabolic dysfunction Degeneration Iatrogenic
Temperature effect on Homeostasis
Extreme heat or cold
reduction in temperature should result in body acceleration
Increased heat may lead to heat production - exhaustion and heat stroke
Stress effect on Homeostasis
Causes adrenal cortex to release Cortisol
Cortisol suppresses immune system (anti-inflammotory)
Cortisol elevation may lead to Cushing syndrome or Mineralocorticoid Hypertension
Antibody-Antigen effect on Homeostasis
Antigens provokes specific immune response to virus or bacteria
Antibodies are proteins produced during immune response to prevent homeostatic disruption.
Reverse homeostasis occurs when antibodies attack the body’s own proteins.
Infections effect on Homeostasis
Infectious micro-organisms produce exotoxins
Hemolysis depletes RBC and releases K+ into extracellular fluid
K+ elevation accelerate bacterial replication resulting in increased alkalosis in extracellular fluid
Inflammation effect on Homeostasis
Inflammatory response leads to vascular dilation and increased vascular permeability
Resulting in plasma leakage and exudation (protein rich)
Neoplasia effect on Homeostasis
New growth disturbs homeostasis (faster growth than normal cells)
New cells overproduce hormones or results in cellular malnutrition (increased nutrient competition)
Chemical effect on Homeostasis
Direct actions from poisons - cyanide, nicotine and environmental pollutants
Indirect actions - chemicals may cause tumors which in turn affect homeostasis
Nutrition effect on Homeostasis
occurs when nutrient intake consistently falls below RDA
Results in anemia, osteoporosis, rickets etc
Metabolic dysfunction effect on Homeostasis
Due to: Interference with absorption Inefficient transport within the body Defective utilization eg. Diabetes, obesity
Degeneration effect on Homeostasis
Senility causes reduction in organ size due to progressive cell loss - reduced homeostatic functionality
Iatrogenic effect on Homeostasis
As with physical or traumatic loss of homeostatic functionality due to structural changes
