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CAS UJ mod 1 > Neurology - Intro > Flashcards

Neurology - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Neural layers of the brain

A 
Skull
Extradural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid
Pia mater
Blood/Brain barrier [sep CSF + Blood]
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2
Q

Blood-Brain barrier

A

Endothelial cell of capillaries overlap
Protected by astrocytes
Allows only oxygen + nutrient exchange

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3
Q

Neural damaging agents

A 
Anoxia
Hypoglycaemia
Viral infection
Metabolic disturbance
Brain is susceptible to oxygen + glucose reduction - no storage tissue
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4
Q

Neural Damage

A

2 Types:
Necrosis [assoc with acute function failure]
Atrophic [assoc with gradual function loss]

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5
Q

Retrograde degeneration

A

Secondary neural damage

Main axon damage - degen of neuron as well as classical distal degen of axon

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6
Q

Trans-synaptic degeneration

A

Secondary neural damage in closely integrated neuron systems

Neuron loss followed by degen of assoc neurons across synapses

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7
Q

Satelitosis

A

Chromatolysis resutls increase in number of oligodendrocytes after damage of neurons

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8
Q

Gliosis

A

Damage results in cells multiply + enlarging + increase in fibril production
Cells atrophy - leads to function reduction

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9
Q

Consequence of nerve damage

A 
Primary:
-destruction of myelin
-precedes axon damage
Secondary:
-loss of nerve cells + axon destruction
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10
Q

Pathological mechanism of Cerebral Oedema

A
  • Initiating disorder = Cytotoxic components [cellular injury to neuron + glia]
  • Vasogenic components = capillary permeability leaks protein
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11
Q

Raised Intracranial pressure

A

-expanding leasion [haeme + infarct]
-obstruction of CSF flow
Will lead to pupil dilation ipsilateral to mass/lesion

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12
Q

Cushing’s Triad

A

Hallmark signs of increased ICP [opposite of shock]

  • increased systolic BP
  • reduced pulse
  • reduced respiration
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13
Q

Stages of ICP increase due to expanding lesions

A
  • Compensation
  • Decompensation
  • Vasomotor paralysis
    Secondary complications:
    = Vascular damage [compres CRV - papilledema]
    = Nerve pressure [N3 + N6][sudden oculomotor paralysis]
    = CSF flow obstruction
    = Skull bone changes if prolonged
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14
Q

Cerebral Hypoxia

A

BP below 50 mmHg

Fast + permanent damage [Necrosis within 5min]

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15
Q

Cerebral Infarction [stroke] pathogenesis

A

Precipitation condition - perfusion failure - infarction [ischaemic necrosis]

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16
Q

Haematoma - def

A

accumulation of blood outside of vessel

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17
Q

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Caused by aneurysm at circle of Willis

If spreads leads to gen edema

18
Q

Delayed complication of head injury

A

Haemorrhages from extradural haematoma
With time haematoma increases - increase ICP
Dura strips away from skull

19
Q

Subdural Haematoma

A

results from rupture of bridging veins between arachnoid + dura [loosely connected]

20
Q

Intracerebral Haematoma

A

Increase ICP - cerebral hypoxia

May lead to external leakage of CSF + Blood [ear + nose - potential entry for infection]

21
Q

Hydrocephalus

A 
Increase CSF + dilated ventricles
Mechanism:
- Overproduction of CSF
-CSF flow obstruction [can't reach subarachnoid space - ventricle swelling]
-Defective absorption of CSF
22
Q

Intracranial Headaches

A

Only certain tissues are pain sensitive [stretching]

  • tumours causing stretching
  • assoc arterial dilatation [fevers, intoxication, hypertension]
  • meningeal inflamm + haemorrhage
23
Q

Extracranial Headaches

A

All tissues are pain sensitive + nerve transference is common

  • Any Inflammatory disease
  • Prolonged muscle contraction
  • Vascular distention [migraine = episodic vasoconstriction with dilation]
24
Q

Cluster Headache

A

Visual origin [squinting from uncompensated refractive error]
Dull ache= frontal + temporal
assoc with lacrimation

25
Q

Tension Headache

A

assoc with eye strain

stabbing headache with prolonged muscle contraction [neck + shoulders]

26
Q

Epilepsy

A

Grand mal = 1% [induced by flashing lights + stress]

Petit mal [10 min or less]

27
Q

Cranial Nerves

On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulochochlear
Glossopharynx
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
28
Q

Meningitis

A

Bacterial infection
Stiff neck [excruciating pain]
Fever
Photophopia + headache

29
Q

Encephalitis

A

Viral - Rabies, HSV, Polio, measles, VZV

Inner centre of brain affected

30
Q

Variant Creutzfeld-Jacob [VCJ]

A

Prion = cause
Degenerative neurological disorder
Corneal transplant = possible mode of infection

31
Q

Horner syndrome

A

Triad = Ptosis, Miosis,Anhidrosis

Disruption of ANS innervation of cervical ganglion at apex of lung

32
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Females 20 to 40
Affects Optic nerve + Cranials
Neuro-transmission affected
Diplopia + Optic neuritis + cortical blindness

33
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of muscle coordination

Affects speech,walking, swallow + eye movements

34
Q

Tourettes - proprioception feature

A

Closing of eye leads to complete loss of balance

35
Q

Myesthenia Gravis

A

Auto immune neuro muscular disorder
Block ACh
Ptosis with squint

36
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A

Damage to peripheral nerves

Diabetes + Bells

37
Q

Visual aura

A

possible feature of migraine

Distinguish from Scotoma [VF]

38
Q

Cortical Blindness

A

total or partial loss of vision in normal looking eye
Primary visual cortex damage
Possible bilat post strokes

39
Q

Visual agnosis

A

loss of ability to recognize objects
Lesion to visual cortex
Central achromatopsia
Colour agnosia = no ID but can match

40
Q

Alexia

A

Brain disorder = can read letters but not words

Distruction of left visual cortex, radiations + geniculate body

41
Q

Foveal Hyperplasia

A

underdevelopment of the macula associated with albinism

42
Q

charles bonnet syndrome [CBS]

A

common condition among people who have lost their sight

causes people who have lost a lot of vision to see things that aren’t really there, known as visual hallucinations

CAS UJ mod 1 (9 decks)

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