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Semester 2 > tissue A&P > Flashcards

tissue A&P Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

study of plant/animal tissue

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2
Q

how many types of cells

A

200 types

trillions of cells

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3
Q

tissue is a group of ____ with similar ____ and shared ____

A

group of cells with similar origin and shared function

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4
Q

4 main tissue types

A

nervous
muscle
epithelial
connective

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5
Q

origin of tissue types

A

from GERM LAYERS
during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

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6
Q

3 germ layers

A

ectoderm (outer)

mesoderm (middle)

endoderm (iner)

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7
Q

ectoderm becomes

A

nervous system

integumentary system

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8
Q

mesoderm becomes

A

bone

muscle

connective tissue (includes bone)

some organs (including kidneys and reproductive organs)

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9
Q

endoderm becomes

A

lining of digestive system

lining of respiratory system

urethra

some organs (including liver/pancreas/bladder)

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10
Q

Cell junctions (5 types)

A

tight junctions (occluding “)

adherens junctions (adhesion belts)

desmosomes

hemidesmosomes

gap junctions

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11
Q

cell junctions function

A

join cells to form tissue

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12
Q

4 specific functions of cell junctions

A

1) link cells in tissues

2) tissue homeostasis

3) tissue barrier

4) cell proliferation (division)

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13
Q

1) Tight Junctions

A

transmembrane proteins

interlock plasma membranes

NO WATER PASS (leak-proof)

separate BASOLATERAL (cell?) surfaces from LUMEN

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14
Q

where are tight junctions

A

STOMACH
BLADDER
INTESTINAL TRACT (isolate basolateral from lumen)

(Leak proof)

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15
Q

2) Adherens junctions (Adhesion belts)

A

contain protein called PLAQUE (Actin filaments)

microfilaments (Actin) form “Plaque”
=== THE BELT

BELTS then connected via CADHERIN
= transmembrane GLYCOprotein

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16
Q

“plaque” (adherens junctions)

A

made of ACTIN filaments

INSIDE of cell membrane

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17
Q

Cadherin is transmembrane ____-protein

A

glycoprotein

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18
Q

cadherin attach to adjacent ____

A

cadherins

each connected to ACTIN filaments of PLAQUE (adhesion belt)

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19
Q

function of adherens junctions (adhesion belts)

A

prevent separation of EPITHELIAL surfaces

esp during contractile activities

e.g. peristalsis

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20
Q

why “belts” ?

A

encircle cell

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21
Q

3) desmosomes

A

also via PLAQUE

supported via INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

Intermediate filaments via KERATIN

like “buttons” at specific spots

also via CADHERINS

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22
Q

intermediate filaments via

A

KERATIN

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23
Q

where are desmosomes found

A

epidermis

cardiac muscle cells

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24
Q

4) Hemidesmosomes

A

cell to BASEMENT MEMBRANE

structure similar to desmosome

via INTEGRIN (instead of Cadherin)

Integrins attach to laminins

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25
Q

INTEGRIN = ____-protein

A

glyco-protein

transmembrane

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26
Q

integrin attaches to external proteins called ____

A

Laminins

(BASAL LAMINA)

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27
Q

where are hemidesmosomes found?

A

between the epidermis and dermis

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28
Q

basement membrane

A

epithelial cells grow on “

attaches epithelial to connective

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29
Q

5) Gap junctions

A

via CONNEXONS

connexons via CONNEXINS

intercellular transport
e.g.
ions, nutrients, waste

connexons form HYDROPHILIC channel (?)

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30
Q

(GAP JUNCTIONS) connexons and electric signals

A

conduction of electric signals

(I.e. Movement of ions)

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31
Q

gap junctions and heart

A

electrical signal spreads via gap junctions

heart muscles contract – heart beat

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32
Q

epithelial tissue

A

lines internal and external surfaces

forms secretion glands

cells arranged in layers

single or multiple layers

+ NERVE SUPPLY
- BLOOD SUPPLY (less)

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33
Q

epithelium function

A

1) PROTECT (chemical/physical)

2) ABSORB (nutrient)

3) SECRETE (hormones/enzymes)

4) EXCRETE (waste)

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34
Q

cell polarity & Epithelial cells

A

“Spatial differences in shape/structure/function”

“Epithelial cells have polarity, meaning they have distinct cell surfaces”

Superficial surface different from deep surface and from sides of cell

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35
Q

3 Cell surfaces

A

APICAL

LATERAL

BASAL

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36
Q

1) Apical surface

A

opens into body cavity/lumen

may contain cilia/microvilli

E.g.
Stomach – surface of cells that interact with food (CHYME)

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37
Q

2) Lateral surface

A

adjacent cells

cell-to-cell junctions (4)
4:
tight
adherens
desmosome
gap

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38
Q

3) Basal surface

A

opposite to apical

attach to basement membrane + Connective tissue underneath

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39
Q

basement membrane.

A

attaches epithelial to connective tissue

2 layers:
1) BASAL lamina
2) RETICULAR lamina

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40
Q

1) basal lamina

A

Collagen fibres

LAMININ (glycoprotein)

other glycoproteins

proteoglycans (note GAG)

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41
Q

2) reticular lamina

A

fibrous proteins (stronger)

via Fibroblasts

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42
Q

epithelium classification

A

1) Number of cell layers
2) Shape of individual cells

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43
Q

1) number of cell layers

A

simple epithelium

stratified

pseudostratified (ciliated or non-ciliated)

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44
Q

where simple epithelium?

A

capillaries
alveolar sacs (lungs)

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45
Q

why simple epithelium?

A

fast exchange across epithelium

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46
Q

where stratified?

A

inside mouth

pharynx

esophagus

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47
Q

why stratified?

A

strength/reinforcement
protection

when cell layer shed (“slough”)
e.g.
skin (epidermis)

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48
Q

where pseudostratified?

A

can be ciliated or non-ciliated

ciliated
= respiratory tract (mucosa)

non-ciliated
= male reproductive tract

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49
Q

2) shape of individual cells

A

squamous

cuboidal

columnar

transitional

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50
Q

*Squamous

A

flat

high rate of absorption

E.g.
Capillaries
Alveolar sacs of lungs

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51
Q

**Cuboidal

A

cube shaped

may have microvilli

Secretion and Absorption

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52
Q

***Columnar

A

may have microvilli

secretion/absorption

E.g.
Stomach
small intestine lining

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53
Q

**Transitional

A

can alter between cuboidal and squamous

“distension and stretch”

E.g.
Bladder
Ureters
Urethra (some parts)

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54
Q

combinations of
1) # of cell layers
and
2) shape of individual cell

A

Simple squamous

simple cuboidal

non-ciliated simple columnar

ciliated simple columnar

non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

stratified squamous

stratified cuboidal

stratified columnar

transitional

goblet cells

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55
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

inside of blood vessels
(ENDOTHELIUM)

inside of heart
(ENDOCARDIUM)

air sacs (alveoli) of lungs

epithelial layer of serous membranes
(MESOTHELIUM)
I.e.
of Peritoneal, Thoracic, Pericardial cavities
(PERITONEUM,
PLEURA,
PERICARDIUM)

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56
Q

simple squamous epithelium …

A

endothelium

endocardium

mesothelium

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57
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

round centrally located nucleus

secretion/absorption

E.g.
surface of ovary

anterior surface of lens capsule of eye

pigmented epithelium of retina of eye

KIDNEY TUBULES

secreting portion of glands
e.g.
THYROID GLAND

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58
Q

non-ciliated simple columnar

A

see GOBLET CELLS

note also MICROVILLI

“Microvilli, finger like cytoplasmic projections, increase surface area of plasma membrane thus increasing cell’s rate of absorption.”

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59
Q

microvilli

A

surface area

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60
Q

non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium E.g.

A

stomach to anus (digestive tract)

secrete/absorb

mucus secrete (goblet cell)

LUBRICATE
digestive/respiratory/urinary/genital tracts

PROTECT
from stomach acids (gastric juices)

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61
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

E.g.
Bronchioles
Uterine tubes
uterus
ventricles of brain

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62
Q

cilia

A

beat in unison

move mucus

move foreign particles

cough up
swallow
spit out

move oocytes (immature ova)
expelled from ovary
through uterine tubes
to uterus

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63
Q

non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar

A

NO GOBLET CELLS
No cilia

nuclei various levels

appears stratified

Absorb/secrete

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64
Q

non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium E.g.

A

epididymis

vas deferens

male urethra some parts

…
larger ducts of many glands

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65
Q

epididymis

A

narrow tightly coiled tube attached to each of the testicles

sperm cells move from testicles to epididymis

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66
Q

vas deferens

A

connects epididymis to Urethra

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67
Q

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

have Cilia
have GOBLET cells

goblet cells secrete mucus

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68
Q

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium E.g.

A

RESPIRATORY MUCOSA

respiratory tract

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69
Q

cilia, mucus, foreign particles

A

mucus traps foreign particles

cilia sweep away mucus

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70
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

cells in apical layer = squamous

cells in deeper layer =
cuboidal to columnar

basal cells divide, daughter cells push upward toward apical layer

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71
Q

NON-KERATINIZED stratified squamous

A

no KERATIN

moistened by mucus

surface cells shed before die

WHERE?
wet surface lining
lining of mouth
esophagus
pharynx
vagina

WHY?
Protect (abrasion)
(water loss)
(pathogen)

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72
Q

KERATINIZED stratified squamous

A

protein KERATIN
tough

WHERE?
Epidermis
hair
nails

WHY?
Protect (abrasion)
(water loss)
(pathogen)
(UV)

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73
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

rare epithelial tissue type

WHERE?
Ducts of sweat glands
ducts of esophageal glands

WHY?
Protect
limited secrete/absorb

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74
Q

Stratified columnar

A

UNCOMMON

basal layer shortened irregular shape
apical layer is columnar

WHERE?
some glands (esophageal)
anal mucous membrane
part of conjunctiva (eye)

WHY?
Protect
secrete

75
Q

transitional epithelium

A

Urothelium (for urinary system)

appearance varies

relaxed
= stratified cuboidal

stretched
= stratified squamous

WHERE?
bladder
ureters
urethra

WHY?
stretch and maintain protection while holding fluids

76
Q

different parts of same structures can have different epithelial tissue organization/type

A
77
Q

goblet cells

A

columnar cells

secrete mucous

AKA MUCOUS CELLS

respiratory mucosa (lining of tract)
= nose, trachea, bronchi

78
Q

mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium of serous membranes

serous membranes line cavities
secrete serous fluid
reduce friction

Abdominal cavity (Peritoneal)
thoracic cavity (pleural)
pericardial cavity

79
Q

endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium

lines inside of blood vessels

smooth surface
blood moves – no friction

80
Q

endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelium

lines inside of heart and heart valves

smooth surface
blood moves – no friction

81
Q

glands (2 types)

A

1) exocrine

2) endocrine

82
Q

what are glands?

A

specialized epithelial tissue

produce/secrete substances

scattered cells or complex organs

83
Q

glands release secretions into…

A

ducts

surface of organ/skin

bloodstream

84
Q

Exocrine glands

A

released into duct

released onto surface of epithelium

LOCAL ACTION

85
Q

endocrine

A

released into blood

act away from secretion site (travel via blood)

86
Q

exocrine example

A

sudoriferous (sweat)

sebaceous (sebum) for hair

lacrimal glands (tears)

acinar cells (pancreas)

87
Q

3 functional classifications of EXOCRINE

A

1) Merocrine
2) Apocrine
3) Holocrine

88
Q

merocrine

A

AKA eccrine

secretions via vesicles (EXOCYTOSIS)

*most common

E.g.
Pancreas
Salivary glands
ECCRINE sweat glands

89
Q

Apocrine

A

secretions go near apical surface

portion near apical surface is pinched off

entire apical surface is lost

substances release

E.g.
Apocrine sweat glands
mammary glands
ceruminous glands

90
Q

Holocrine

A

secretions accumulate in entire cell

cell dies

secretions released

destroyed cells replaced via cell division

E.g.
Sebaceous glands (Sebum)

91
Q

exocrine glands – structural classifications (not on exam)

A

shape/form

SIMPLE:
tubular
branched tubular
coiled tubular
acinar
branched acinar

COMPOUND:
tubular
acinar
tubuloacinar

92
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete into bloodstream

local or systemic

E.g.
Testes
ovaries
pancreas
pituitary

93
Q

Connective tissue

A

surrounds organs/muscles

layers deep to epidermis

surface of joints

bone

blood

CT can be VASCULAR or AVASCULAR

94
Q

functions of CT

A

structural support (bone)

Protection (bone)

Nutrition

Immune (bone marrow)

Energy storage (fat)

Transportation (blood)

95
Q

CT e.g.

A

tendons

ligaments

cartilage

fascia

bone

blood

adipose (fat)

96
Q

Blast cells

A

chondroblasts
= result in cartilage

osteoblasts
= result in bone

fibroblasts
= produce ECM

97
Q

Cytes

A

mature cells

chondrocyte
osteocyte
fibrocyte

etc.

98
Q

CT STRUCTURE***

A

basic components shared by all CT types

1) Specialized cells

2) ECM
(Via EC protein fibres, and GROUND SUBSTANCE)

ECM surrounds cells

ECM most of CT volume

CT fewer cells and more EC than EPITHELIAL

99
Q

CT has fewer ____ and more ____ compared to EPITHELIAL

A

fewer cells, more EXTRACELLULAR material

100
Q

Majority of CT volume is ____

A

ECM

ECM is:
1) Extracellular protein fibres

2) Fluid called GROUND SUBSTANCE

101
Q

what are “Specialized Cells” of CT?

A

Fibroblasts

Macrophage

Mast cell

Plasma cell

Adipocyte

Leukocyte (WBC)

RBC

others

102
Q

What are ECM fibre types?

A

Collagen

Elastin

Reticular

103
Q

What are ECM GROUND SUBSTANCE components?

A

Water, Polysaccharide, proteins

semifluid, gelatinous, calcified, or fluid (blood plasma)

GS contains minerals in bone

104
Q

one difference between Epithelial tissue and CT?

A

fewer cells, more ECM

105
Q

ECM

A

Ground substance

Fibres (Collagen, elastin, reticular)

106
Q

Ground substance

A

Consists mainly of:

water (H2O)

polysaccharides (GAGs)

proteins

It may be
fluid
semi-fluid
gelatinous
calcified

107
Q

GAG types

A

Hyaluronic acid

Chondroitin sulfate

Dermatan sulfate

Keratan sulphate

Fibronectin (the protein)

108
Q

what is GAG

A

long, linear polysaccharide

contain amino groups

109
Q

(fibre types) Collagen fibres

A

via collagen proteins

stability to cartilage, tendons, ligaments

appears white

110
Q

(fibre types) Elastic fibres

A

via ELASTIN
via FIBRILLIN

elasticity of fibres
up to 150%

111
Q

(fibre types) Reticular fibres

A

also via COLLAGEN

thinner, more widespread

forms network

also support and strength

112
Q

reticular fibres form…

A

STROMA (“bed/covering”) of some organs

= supportive framework of organs
E.g.
Spleen, kidney, liver

113
Q

some specialized CT cells

A

Fibroblast
Macrophage
Plasma cell
Mast cells
Adipocytes

White blood cells(leukocytes)

RBC (?)

114
Q

Fibroblast

A

most numerous cell

generates fibres

secrete GS (GROUND SUBSTANCE)

115
Q

Macrophage

A

inflammatory/immune response

Phage = eat
Macro = big

116
Q

Plasma cell

A

develops from B-Lymphocytes

IMMUNE RESPONSE

produce antibodies

117
Q

Mast cell

A

inflammatory response

produce Histamine

Vasodilation in blood vessels

Constriction of bronchioles

Allergen = Histamines

118
Q

adipocyte

A

fat cell

119
Q

WBC (leukocyte)

A

allergic, inflammatory, immune

120
Q

Eosinophil and Neutrophil

A

Eosinophil = parasitic infection

Neutrophil = infection

(More later)

121
Q

CT CLASSIFICATION TYPES &&&&&&&

A

1) EMBRYONIC CT
a) mesenchyme
b) mucous

2) MATURE CT
a) CT propert
i) Loose CT
ii) Dense CT

b) Cartilage
i) hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

c) Bone

d) Fluid CT
i) Blood
ii) Lymph

122
Q

Embryonic CT

A

from fertilization to birth

1) Mesenchyme
= Tissue that all CT comes from
= STEM CELL capabiities

2) Mucous (“Wharton’s Jelly)
= Umbilicus tissue
= muscous structure
= contains mesenchyme
= precursor STEM cells

123
Q

Mature CT

A

postnatal to rest of life

1) CT proper
2) Cartilage
3) Bone
4) Fluid CT

124
Q

1) CT proper (2 types)

A

a) Loose CT
= MORE CELLS
= loosely packed fibres
= high cell:ECM ratio

b) Dense CT
= LESS CELLS
= densely packed fibres
= low cell:ECM ratio

125
Q

loose CT 3 types

A

areolar CT
adipose CT
reticular CT

126
Q

1) Areolar CT

A

most types of connective tissue cells (even adipocytes)

most abundant CT

WHY?
strength, elasticity, support

WHERE?
around muscles
between muscle fascicles
around blood vessels
around organs
layers below the skin

127
Q

2) adipose CT

A

of adipocytes doesn’t change – size does – as you gain weight

adipocytes mainly

WHY?
temperature
protect
energy store

WHERE?
e.g. subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous fat)

NOTE
number of adipocytes doesn’t change – size does – as you gain weight

128
Q

3) Reticular CT

A

reticular cells
= FIBROBLAST –> creates RETICULAR fibres

Reticular fibres = netlike
= @ stroma of internal organs

WHY?
structure support
bind together tissues

129
Q

Dense CT 3 types

A

dense regular CT

dense irregular CT

Elastic CT

130
Q

dense regular

A

COLLAGEN FIBRES

in “REGULAR” pattern

DENSELY packed

Parallel collagen fibres

LINEAR STRENGTH

WHERE??
TENDONS
LIGAMENTS

131
Q

dense irregular CT

A

COLLAGEN FIBRES

IRREGULAR pattern
disorganized

STRENGTH IN DIRECTIONS (SHEARING)

WHERE???
DERMIS
HEART VALVES
sheaths
periosteum

132
Q

ELASTIC CT

A

ELASTIC fibres

= YELLOW fibres

WHY?
stretch, elasticity

WHERE?
Large Blood vessels
lungs

133
Q

2) Cartilage &&&&

A

Collagen & Elastin proteins

Embedded in CHONDROITIN SULFATE

high stress w/o losing shape

ONLY 1 CELL TYPE = CHONDROCYTES

Chondrocytes in LACUNAE

AVASCULAR (cartilage)

134
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

HYALINE
= in b/w
E.g.
ribs
nose

FIBROCARTILAGE
= least flexible
E.g.
knee (menisci)
spine

ELASTIC CARTILAGE
= most flexible
E.g.
ear

135
Q

hyaline

A

MOST COMMON

WHERE?
ribs
joints -ARTICULAR cartilage
nasal SEPTUM
trachea

WHY?
STIFF but FLEXIBLE
reduce friction

136
Q

developing skeleton in fetus

A

ENTIRELY HYALINE CARTILAGE (in utero)

later ossified

137
Q

fibrocartilage

A

strongest

resist compression
no bone-to-bone

limit movement

WHERE?
knee joint (menisci)
pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs

138
Q

elastic cartilage

A

NOT SAME AS ELASTIC CT

ELASTIC FIBRES

stretchable
returns to original shape

WHERE?
EXTERNAL EAR
epiglottis

139
Q

3) BONE &&&&&

A

bone cells
RED BONE MARROW
YELLOW BONE MARROW
minerals

somewhat flexible

140
Q

4) fluid CT &&&&

A

i) blood
ii) lymph

watery ground substance
fluid matrix + proteins
no insoluble fibres

141
Q

blood

A

ECM of blood = blood plasma

plasma
= water + dissolved substances

142
Q

3 key elements in blood

A

RBC (O2 transport)
WBC
platelets (cell fragments)

143
Q

lymph

A

fluid in lymph vessels

from interstitial fluid

LYMPHOCYTES
= T cells, B cells, immune

return to blood @ large veins near heart

WHY?
maintain solute level
blood volume
alert immune system

144
Q

MUSCLE TISSUE. WHY?

A

movement

moves blood

moves chyme/bolus/feces/urine

generate heat (metabolism)

WHAT???
Cells with contractile proteins

145
Q

muscle tissue other functions

A

create motion

work w/ skeletal/nervous

stabilize positions

maintain posture

storage/movement substances
E.g.
blood
food (peristalsis)
urine
etc.

GENERATE HEAT

146
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal

cardiac
= within heart
= moves blood

smooth
= digestive tract
= regulate diameter of blood vessels
(E.g. Vasodilation)

147
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

cylinder cell

multiple NUCLEI

STRIATED
why?
B/c CONTRACTILE proteins

VOLUNTARY

guard entrance
I.e.
urinary/digestive tract
respiratory tract

generate heat

protect organs

FASTEST***

148
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

cardiocytes

SINGLE NUCLEUS (usually)

INTERCALATED DISCS (special junction)

STRIATED
INVOLUNTARY

moves blood
contributes to BP

MEDIUM SPEED

149
Q

INTERCALATED DISCS junction types

A

DESMOSOMES

GAP JUNCTIONS

150
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

skin
BV
digestive

NONSTRIATED
SINGLE NUCLEUS
INVOLUNTARY

SLOWEST**

GAP JUNCTIONS***

151
Q

shape difference

A

cylindrical

cylindrical + branched

FUSIFORM (smooth)

152
Q

Nervous tissue

A

2 cell types:
neurons
neuroglia

153
Q

neurons

A

conduct nerve impulse

154
Q

neuroglia

A

non-conducting

support neurons

155
Q

neurons and ACTION POTENTIALS

A

nerve impulses

156
Q

longest cells?

A

neurons

up to 1 meter

157
Q

parts of neuron

A

Dendrites (dendron)
axon
Cell body

158
Q

Dendrites

A

receive info

159
Q

axon (nerve fibre)

A

transmit signal

160
Q

Cell body

A

large nucleus

other organelles

161
Q

neurons and Centrioles

A

no centrioles for most

no cell division

162
Q

neuroglia

A

different cell types

protect/support neurons

163
Q

examples of neuroglia

A

Oligodendrocytes
&
Schwann Cells

help form MYELIN SHEATH

speed up rate of conduction

protect neuron axons

164
Q

Membrane categories

A

Epithelial membranes:
= mucous
= serous
= cutaneous

Synovial membranes

165
Q

what are membranes

A

epithelial tissue

supported by CT

AKA epithelial membranes

“Sheets of tissue that line or cover a portion of the body”

166
Q

(epithelial membranes) where?

A

cavities:
spinal, cranial, thoracic, vertebral, oral, etc.

tracts:
GI, oral, nasal, urinary

cover organs:
kidneys, lungs, heart, liver

cover joint surface

167
Q

4 categories of membranes

A

mucous

serous

cutaneous

synovial

168
Q

mucous/serous/cutaneous = ____ membrane

A

epithelial membrane

169
Q

mucous membranes

A

AKA mucosa

open to body exterior
Therefore needs mucous membrane to release mucous
= protection

E.g.
digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive

lubricated by mucus

170
Q

mucous membrane supported by ____

A

AREOLAR CT
(Lamina Propria)

171
Q

Lamina propria vs Basement membrane

A

lamina propria is below Basement membrane

172
Q

lamina propria

A

holds nerves/BV

173
Q

2) Serous membranes

A

AKA serosa

covers cavities that:
do not open to external env

also covers:
organs within those cavities

VIA MESOTHELIUM
+ Areolar CT

watery serous fluid

174
Q

serous membrane types

A

Pleura
= cover thoracic cavity
= cover lungs

Pericardium
= covers pericardial cavity
= covers heart

Peritoneum
= covers abdominal cavity
= covers organs within “

175
Q

2 layers of serous membrane

A

parietal layer
visceral layer

parietal layer lines inside of body cavity

visceral layer surrounds organ

space between is called…
a) pleural cavity
b) peritoneal cavity
c) pericardial cavity

Cavity Contains…
SEROUS FLUID

PARIETAL and VISCERAL layers are continuous

176
Q

visceral and parietal MESOTHELIA
(Simple squamous epithelial membranes)

A

they secrete fluid

reduce friction
E.g.
b/w lungs and chest wall

177
Q

3) Cutaneous membranes

A

Epidermis + dermis

epidermis = stratified squamous

dermis = Areolar CT + Dense irregular CT

thick, waterproof

178
Q

skin random facts

A

15% body weight

21 sqft of skin
11 miles of Blood vessels

square inch of skin = 300 sweat glands

thickest skin = feet
thinnest skin = eyelids

skin renews every 28 days

skin colour via MELANIN

melanin protects from UV

179
Q

4) synovial membranes

A

synovial cavity

synovial fluid

lubricate

O2 CO2 waste nutrient exchange

not true epithelium

no basement membrane

develops with CT

SYNOVIOCYTES

180
Q

note cracking joints

A

when some joints stretched air bubbles form/release

causes cracking noise

181
Q

systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)

A

antibodies/immune cells attack CT

ranges from mild to severe

“disease of 1000 faces” (wide ranging symptoms)

SSx (signs/symptoms)
Ulcers
arthritis
fever
fatigue
weight loss
neurological

note butterfly rash on face

Etiology
genetics
environmental
toxins

182
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

immune cells destroy EXOCRINE glands (lacrimal/salivary)

SSx
dry eyes, mouth, nose
arthritis
pancreatitis
pleuritis

more females than males

183
Q
A

Semester 2 (14 decks)

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