tissue A&P Flashcards
1
Q
histology
A
study of plant/animal tissue
2
Q
how many types of cells
A
200 types
trillions of cells
3
Q
tissue is a group of ____ with similar ____ and shared ____
A
group of cells with similar origin and shared function
4
Q
4 main tissue types
A
nervous
muscle
epithelial
connective
5
Q
origin of tissue types
A
from GERM LAYERS
during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
6
Q
3 germ layers
A
ectoderm (outer)
mesoderm (middle)
endoderm (iner)
7
Q
ectoderm becomes
A
nervous system
integumentary system
8
Q
mesoderm becomes
A
bone
muscle
connective tissue (includes bone)
some organs (including kidneys and reproductive organs)
9
Q
endoderm becomes
A
lining of digestive system
lining of respiratory system
urethra
some organs (including liver/pancreas/bladder)
10
Q
Cell junctions (5 types)
A
tight junctions (occluding “)
adherens junctions (adhesion belts)
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions
11
Q
cell junctions function
A
join cells to form tissue
12
Q
4 specific functions of cell junctions
A
1) link cells in tissues
2) tissue homeostasis
3) tissue barrier
4) cell proliferation (division)
13
Q
1) Tight Junctions
A
transmembrane proteins
interlock plasma membranes
NO WATER PASS (leak-proof)
separate BASOLATERAL (cell?) surfaces from LUMEN
14
Q
where are tight junctions
A
STOMACH
BLADDER
INTESTINAL TRACT (isolate basolateral from lumen)
(Leak proof)
15
Q
2) Adherens junctions (Adhesion belts)
A
contain protein called PLAQUE (Actin filaments)
microfilaments (Actin) form “Plaque”
=== THE BELT
BELTS then connected via CADHERIN
= transmembrane GLYCOprotein
16
Q
“plaque” (adherens junctions)
A
made of ACTIN filaments
INSIDE of cell membrane
17
Q
Cadherin is transmembrane ____-protein
A
glycoprotein
18
Q
cadherin attach to adjacent ____
A
cadherins
each connected to ACTIN filaments of PLAQUE (adhesion belt)
19
Q
function of adherens junctions (adhesion belts)
A
prevent separation of EPITHELIAL surfaces
esp during contractile activities
e.g. peristalsis
20
Q
why “belts” ?
A
encircle cell
21
Q
3) desmosomes
A
also via PLAQUE
supported via INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Intermediate filaments via KERATIN
like “buttons” at specific spots
also via CADHERINS
22
Q
intermediate filaments via
A
KERATIN
23
Q
where are desmosomes found
A
epidermis
cardiac muscle cells
24
Q
4) Hemidesmosomes
A
cell to BASEMENT MEMBRANE
structure similar to desmosome
via INTEGRIN (instead of Cadherin)
Integrins attach to laminins
25
INTEGRIN = ____-protein
glyco-protein
transmembrane
26
integrin attaches to external proteins called ____
Laminins
(BASAL LAMINA)
27
where are hemidesmosomes found?
between the epidermis and dermis
28
basement membrane
epithelial cells grow on "
attaches epithelial to connective
29
5) Gap junctions
via CONNEXONS
connexons via CONNEXINS
intercellular transport
e.g.
ions, nutrients, waste
connexons form HYDROPHILIC channel (?)
30
(GAP JUNCTIONS) connexons and electric signals
conduction of electric signals
(I.e. Movement of ions)
31
gap junctions and heart
electrical signal spreads via gap junctions
heart muscles contract -- heart beat
32
epithelial tissue
lines internal and external surfaces
forms secretion glands
cells arranged in layers
single or multiple layers
+ NERVE SUPPLY
- BLOOD SUPPLY (less)
33
epithelium function
1) PROTECT (chemical/physical)
2) ABSORB (nutrient)
3) SECRETE (hormones/enzymes)
4) EXCRETE (waste)
34
cell polarity & Epithelial cells
"Spatial differences in shape/structure/function"
"Epithelial cells have polarity, meaning they have distinct cell surfaces"
Superficial surface different from deep surface and from sides of cell
35
3 Cell surfaces
APICAL
LATERAL
BASAL
36
1) Apical surface
opens into body cavity/lumen
may contain cilia/microvilli
E.g.
Stomach -- surface of cells that interact with food (CHYME)
37
2) Lateral surface
adjacent cells
cell-to-cell junctions (4)
4:
tight
adherens
desmosome
gap
38
3) Basal surface
opposite to apical
attach to basement membrane + Connective tissue underneath
39
basement membrane.
attaches epithelial to connective tissue
2 layers:
1) BASAL lamina
2) RETICULAR lamina
40
1) basal lamina
Collagen fibres
LAMININ (glycoprotein)
other glycoproteins
proteoglycans (note GAG)
41
2) reticular lamina
fibrous proteins (stronger)
via Fibroblasts
42
epithelium classification
1) Number of cell layers
2) Shape of individual cells
43
1) number of cell layers
simple epithelium
stratified
pseudostratified (ciliated or non-ciliated)
44
where simple epithelium?
capillaries
alveolar sacs (lungs)
45
why simple epithelium?
fast exchange across epithelium
46
where stratified?
inside mouth
pharynx
esophagus
47
why stratified?
strength/reinforcement
protection
when cell layer shed ("slough")
e.g.
skin (epidermis)
48
where pseudostratified?
can be ciliated or non-ciliated
ciliated
= respiratory tract (mucosa)
non-ciliated
= male reproductive tract
49
2) shape of individual cells
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
transitional
50
*Squamous
flat
high rate of absorption
E.g.
Capillaries
Alveolar sacs of lungs
51
**Cuboidal
cube shaped
may have microvilli
Secretion and Absorption
52
***Columnar
may have microvilli
secretion/absorption
E.g.
Stomach
small intestine lining
53
****Transitional
can alter between cuboidal and squamous
"distension and stretch"
E.g.
Bladder
Ureters
Urethra (some parts)
54
combinations of
1) # of cell layers
and
2) shape of individual cell
Simple squamous
simple cuboidal
non-ciliated simple columnar
ciliated simple columnar
non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
transitional
goblet cells
55
simple squamous epithelium
inside of blood vessels
(ENDOTHELIUM)
inside of heart
(ENDOCARDIUM)
air sacs (alveoli) of lungs
epithelial layer of serous membranes
(MESOTHELIUM)
I.e.
of Peritoneal, Thoracic, Pericardial cavities
(PERITONEUM,
PLEURA,
PERICARDIUM)
56
simple squamous epithelium ...
endothelium
endocardium
mesothelium
57
simple cuboidal epithelium
round centrally located nucleus
secretion/absorption
E.g.
surface of ovary
anterior surface of lens capsule of eye
pigmented epithelium of retina of eye
KIDNEY TUBULES
secreting portion of glands
e.g.
THYROID GLAND
58
non-ciliated simple columnar
see GOBLET CELLS
note also MICROVILLI
"Microvilli, finger like cytoplasmic projections, increase surface area of plasma membrane thus increasing cell’s rate of absorption."
59
microvilli
surface area
60
non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium E.g.
stomach to anus (digestive tract)
secrete/absorb
mucus secrete (goblet cell)
LUBRICATE
digestive/respiratory/urinary/genital tracts
PROTECT
from stomach acids (gastric juices)
61
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
E.g.
Bronchioles
Uterine tubes
uterus
ventricles of brain
62
cilia
beat in unison
move mucus
move foreign particles
cough up
swallow
spit out
move oocytes (immature ova)
expelled from ovary
through uterine tubes
to uterus
63
non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar
NO GOBLET CELLS
No cilia
nuclei various levels
appears stratified
Absorb/secrete
64
non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium E.g.
epididymis
vas deferens
male urethra some parts
...
larger ducts of many glands
65
epididymis
narrow tightly coiled tube attached to each of the testicles
sperm cells move from testicles to epididymis
66
vas deferens
connects epididymis to Urethra
67
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
have Cilia
have GOBLET cells
goblet cells secrete mucus
68
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium E.g.
RESPIRATORY MUCOSA
respiratory tract
69
cilia, mucus, foreign particles
mucus traps foreign particles
cilia sweep away mucus
70
stratified squamous epithelium
cells in apical layer = squamous
cells in deeper layer =
cuboidal to columnar
basal cells divide, daughter cells push upward toward apical layer
71
NON-KERATINIZED stratified squamous
no KERATIN
moistened by mucus
surface cells shed before die
WHERE?
wet surface lining
lining of mouth
esophagus
pharynx
vagina
WHY?
Protect (abrasion)
(water loss)
(pathogen)
72
KERATINIZED stratified squamous
protein KERATIN
tough
WHERE?
Epidermis
hair
nails
WHY?
Protect (abrasion)
(water loss)
(pathogen)
(UV)
73
Stratified cuboidal
rare epithelial tissue type
WHERE?
Ducts of sweat glands
ducts of esophageal glands
WHY?
Protect
limited secrete/absorb
74
Stratified columnar
UNCOMMON
basal layer shortened irregular shape
apical layer is columnar
WHERE?
some glands (esophageal)
anal mucous membrane
part of conjunctiva (eye)
WHY?
Protect
secrete
75
transitional epithelium
Urothelium (for urinary system)
appearance varies
relaxed
= stratified cuboidal
stretched
= stratified squamous
WHERE?
bladder
ureters
urethra
WHY?
stretch and maintain protection while holding fluids
76
different parts of same structures can have different epithelial tissue organization/type
77
goblet cells
columnar cells
secrete mucous
AKA MUCOUS CELLS
respiratory mucosa (lining of tract)
= nose, trachea, bronchi
78
mesothelium
simple squamous epithelium of serous membranes
serous membranes line cavities
secrete serous fluid
reduce friction
Abdominal cavity (Peritoneal)
thoracic cavity (pleural)
pericardial cavity
79
endothelium
simple squamous epithelium
lines inside of blood vessels
smooth surface
blood moves -- no friction
80
endocardium
simple squamous epithelium
lines inside of heart and heart valves
smooth surface
blood moves -- no friction
81
glands (2 types)
1) exocrine
2) endocrine
82
what are glands?
specialized epithelial tissue
produce/secrete substances
scattered cells or complex organs
83
glands release secretions into...
ducts
surface of organ/skin
bloodstream
84
Exocrine glands
released into duct
released onto surface of epithelium
LOCAL ACTION
85
endocrine
released into blood
act away from secretion site (travel via blood)
86
exocrine example
sudoriferous (sweat)
sebaceous (sebum) for hair
lacrimal glands (tears)
acinar cells (pancreas)
87
3 functional classifications of EXOCRINE
1) Merocrine
2) Apocrine
3) Holocrine
88
merocrine
AKA eccrine
secretions via vesicles (EXOCYTOSIS)
*most common
E.g.
Pancreas
Salivary glands
ECCRINE sweat glands
89
Apocrine
secretions go near apical surface
portion near apical surface is pinched off
entire apical surface is lost
substances release
E.g.
Apocrine sweat glands
mammary glands
ceruminous glands
90
Holocrine
secretions accumulate in entire cell
cell dies
secretions released
destroyed cells replaced via cell division
E.g.
Sebaceous glands (Sebum)
91
exocrine glands -- structural classifications (not on exam)
shape/form
SIMPLE:
tubular
branched tubular
coiled tubular
acinar
branched acinar
COMPOUND:
tubular
acinar
tubuloacinar
92
endocrine glands
secrete into bloodstream
local or systemic
E.g.
Testes
ovaries
pancreas
pituitary
93
Connective tissue
surrounds organs/muscles
layers deep to epidermis
surface of joints
bone
blood
CT can be VASCULAR or AVASCULAR
94
functions of CT
structural support (bone)
Protection (bone)
Nutrition
Immune (bone marrow)
Energy storage (fat)
Transportation (blood)
95
CT e.g.
tendons
ligaments
cartilage
fascia
bone
blood
adipose (fat)
96
Blast cells
chondroblasts
= result in cartilage
osteoblasts
= result in bone
fibroblasts
= produce ECM
97
Cytes
mature cells
chondrocyte
osteocyte
fibrocyte
etc.
98
CT STRUCTURE***
basic components shared by all CT types
1) Specialized cells
2) ECM
(Via EC protein fibres, and GROUND SUBSTANCE)
ECM surrounds cells
ECM most of CT volume
CT fewer cells and more EC than EPITHELIAL
99
CT has fewer ____ and more ____ compared to EPITHELIAL
fewer cells, more EXTRACELLULAR material
100
Majority of CT volume is ____
ECM
ECM is:
1) Extracellular protein fibres
2) Fluid called GROUND SUBSTANCE
101
what are "Specialized Cells" of CT?
Fibroblasts
Macrophage
Mast cell
Plasma cell
Adipocyte
Leukocyte (WBC)
RBC
others
102
What are ECM fibre types?
Collagen
Elastin
Reticular
103
What are ECM GROUND SUBSTANCE components?
Water, Polysaccharide, proteins
semifluid, gelatinous, calcified, or fluid (blood plasma)
GS contains minerals in bone
104
one difference between Epithelial tissue and CT?
fewer cells, more ECM
105
ECM
Ground substance
Fibres (Collagen, elastin, reticular)
106
Ground substance
Consists mainly of:
water (H2O)
polysaccharides (GAGs)
proteins
It may be
fluid
semi-fluid
gelatinous
calcified
107
GAG types
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Keratan sulphate
Fibronectin (the protein)
108
what is GAG
long, linear polysaccharide
contain amino groups
109
(fibre types) Collagen fibres
via collagen proteins
stability to cartilage, tendons, ligaments
appears white
110
(fibre types) Elastic fibres
via ELASTIN
via FIBRILLIN
elasticity of fibres
up to 150%
111
(fibre types) Reticular fibres
also via COLLAGEN
thinner, more widespread
forms network
also support and strength
112
reticular fibres form...
STROMA ("bed/covering") of some organs
= supportive framework of organs
E.g.
Spleen, kidney, liver
113
some specialized CT cells
Fibroblast
Macrophage
Plasma cell
Mast cells
Adipocytes
White blood cells(leukocytes)
RBC (?)
114
Fibroblast
most numerous cell
generates fibres
secrete GS (GROUND SUBSTANCE)
115
Macrophage
inflammatory/immune response
Phage = eat
Macro = big
116
Plasma cell
develops from B-Lymphocytes
IMMUNE RESPONSE
produce antibodies
117
Mast cell
inflammatory response
produce Histamine
Vasodilation in blood vessels
Constriction of bronchioles
Allergen = Histamines
118
adipocyte
fat cell
119
WBC (leukocyte)
allergic, inflammatory, immune
120
Eosinophil and Neutrophil
Eosinophil = parasitic infection
Neutrophil = infection
(More later)
121
CT CLASSIFICATION TYPES &&&&&&&
1) EMBRYONIC CT
a) mesenchyme
b) mucous
2) MATURE CT
a) CT propert
i) Loose CT
ii) Dense CT
b) Cartilage
i) hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
c) Bone
d) Fluid CT
i) Blood
ii) Lymph
122
Embryonic CT
from fertilization to birth
1) Mesenchyme
= Tissue that all CT comes from
= STEM CELL capabiities
2) Mucous ("Wharton's Jelly)
= Umbilicus tissue
= muscous structure
= contains mesenchyme
= precursor STEM cells
123
Mature CT
postnatal to rest of life
1) CT proper
2) Cartilage
3) Bone
4) Fluid CT
124
1) CT proper (2 types)
a) Loose CT
= MORE CELLS
= loosely packed fibres
= high cell:ECM ratio
b) Dense CT
= LESS CELLS
= densely packed fibres
= low cell:ECM ratio
125
loose CT 3 types
areolar CT
adipose CT
reticular CT
126
1) Areolar CT
most types of connective tissue cells (even adipocytes)
most abundant CT
WHY?
strength, elasticity, support
WHERE?
around muscles
between muscle fascicles
around blood vessels
around organs
layers below the skin
127
2) adipose CT
# of adipocytes doesn't change -- size does -- as you gain weight
adipocytes mainly
WHY?
temperature
protect
energy store
WHERE?
e.g. subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous fat)
NOTE
number of adipocytes doesn't change -- size does -- as you gain weight
128
3) Reticular CT
reticular cells
= FIBROBLAST --> creates RETICULAR fibres
Reticular fibres = netlike
= @ stroma of internal organs
WHY?
structure support
bind together tissues
129
Dense CT 3 types
dense regular CT
dense irregular CT
Elastic CT
130
dense regular
COLLAGEN FIBRES
in "REGULAR" pattern
DENSELY packed
Parallel collagen fibres
LINEAR STRENGTH
WHERE??
TENDONS
LIGAMENTS
131
dense irregular CT
COLLAGEN FIBRES
IRREGULAR pattern
disorganized
STRENGTH IN DIRECTIONS (SHEARING)
WHERE???
DERMIS
HEART VALVES
sheaths
periosteum
132
ELASTIC CT
ELASTIC fibres
= YELLOW fibres
WHY?
stretch, elasticity
WHERE?
Large Blood vessels
lungs
133
2) Cartilage &&&&
Collagen & Elastin proteins
Embedded in CHONDROITIN SULFATE
high stress w/o losing shape
ONLY 1 CELL TYPE = CHONDROCYTES
Chondrocytes in LACUNAE
AVASCULAR (cartilage)
134
3 types of cartilage
HYALINE
= in b/w
E.g.
ribs
nose
FIBROCARTILAGE
= least flexible
E.g.
knee (menisci)
spine
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
= most flexible
E.g.
ear
135
hyaline
MOST COMMON
WHERE?
ribs
joints -ARTICULAR cartilage
nasal SEPTUM
trachea
WHY?
STIFF but FLEXIBLE
reduce friction
136
developing skeleton in fetus
ENTIRELY HYALINE CARTILAGE (in utero)
later ossified
137
fibrocartilage
strongest
resist compression
no bone-to-bone
limit movement
WHERE?
knee joint (menisci)
pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs
138
elastic cartilage
NOT SAME AS ELASTIC CT
ELASTIC FIBRES
stretchable
returns to original shape
WHERE?
EXTERNAL EAR
epiglottis
139
3) BONE &&&&&
bone cells
RED BONE MARROW
YELLOW BONE MARROW
minerals
somewhat flexible
140
4) fluid CT &&&&
i) blood
ii) lymph
watery ground substance
fluid matrix + proteins
no insoluble fibres
141
blood
ECM of blood = blood plasma
plasma
= water + dissolved substances
142
3 key elements in blood
RBC (O2 transport)
WBC
platelets (cell fragments)
143
lymph
fluid in lymph vessels
from interstitial fluid
LYMPHOCYTES
= T cells, B cells, immune
return to blood @ large veins near heart
WHY?
maintain solute level
blood volume
alert immune system
144
MUSCLE TISSUE. WHY?
movement
moves blood
moves chyme/bolus/feces/urine
generate heat (metabolism)
WHAT???
Cells with contractile proteins
145
muscle tissue other functions
create motion
work w/ skeletal/nervous
stabilize positions
maintain posture
storage/movement substances
E.g.
blood
food (peristalsis)
urine
etc.
GENERATE HEAT
146
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
= within heart
= moves blood
smooth
= digestive tract
= regulate diameter of blood vessels
(E.g. Vasodilation)
147
skeletal muscle tissue
cylinder cell
multiple NUCLEI
STRIATED
why?
B/c CONTRACTILE proteins
VOLUNTARY
guard entrance
I.e.
urinary/digestive tract
respiratory tract
generate heat
protect organs
FASTEST***
148
cardiac muscle tissue
cardiocytes
SINGLE NUCLEUS (usually)
INTERCALATED DISCS (special junction)
STRIATED
INVOLUNTARY
moves blood
contributes to BP
MEDIUM SPEED
149
INTERCALATED DISCS junction types
DESMOSOMES
GAP JUNCTIONS
150
smooth muscle tissue
skin
BV
digestive
NONSTRIATED
SINGLE NUCLEUS
INVOLUNTARY
SLOWEST****
GAP JUNCTIONS***
151
shape difference
cylindrical
cylindrical + branched
FUSIFORM (smooth)
152
Nervous tissue
2 cell types:
neurons
neuroglia
153
neurons
conduct nerve impulse
154
neuroglia
non-conducting
support neurons
155
neurons and ACTION POTENTIALS
nerve impulses
156
longest cells?
neurons
up to 1 meter
157
parts of neuron
Dendrites (dendron)
axon
Cell body
158
Dendrites
receive info
159
axon (nerve fibre)
transmit signal
160
Cell body
large nucleus
other organelles
161
neurons and Centrioles
no centrioles for most
no cell division
162
neuroglia
different cell types
protect/support neurons
163
examples of neuroglia
Oligodendrocytes
&
Schwann Cells
help form MYELIN SHEATH
speed up rate of conduction
protect neuron axons
164
Membrane categories
Epithelial membranes:
= mucous
= serous
= cutaneous
Synovial membranes
165
what are membranes
epithelial tissue
supported by CT
AKA epithelial membranes
"Sheets of tissue that line or cover a portion of the body"
166
(epithelial membranes) where?
cavities:
spinal, cranial, thoracic, vertebral, oral, etc.
tracts:
GI, oral, nasal, urinary
cover organs:
kidneys, lungs, heart, liver
cover joint surface
167
4 categories of membranes
mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial
168
mucous/serous/cutaneous = ____ membrane
epithelial membrane
169
mucous membranes
AKA mucosa
open to body exterior
Therefore needs mucous membrane to release mucous
= protection
E.g.
digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive
lubricated by mucus
170
mucous membrane supported by ____
AREOLAR CT
(Lamina Propria)
171
Lamina propria vs Basement membrane
lamina propria is below Basement membrane
172
lamina propria
holds nerves/BV
173
2) Serous membranes
AKA serosa
covers cavities that:
do not open to external env
also covers:
organs within those cavities
VIA MESOTHELIUM
+ Areolar CT
watery serous fluid
174
serous membrane types
Pleura
= cover thoracic cavity
= cover lungs
Pericardium
= covers pericardial cavity
= covers heart
Peritoneum
= covers abdominal cavity
= covers organs within "
175
2 layers of serous membrane
parietal layer
visceral layer
parietal layer lines inside of body cavity
visceral layer surrounds organ
space between is called...
a) pleural cavity
b) peritoneal cavity
c) pericardial cavity
Cavity Contains...
SEROUS FLUID
PARIETAL and VISCERAL layers are continuous
176
visceral and parietal MESOTHELIA
(Simple squamous epithelial membranes)
they secrete fluid
reduce friction
E.g.
b/w lungs and chest wall
177
3) Cutaneous membranes
Epidermis + dermis
epidermis = stratified squamous
dermis = Areolar CT + Dense irregular CT
thick, waterproof
178
skin random facts
15% body weight
21 sqft of skin
11 miles of Blood vessels
square inch of skin = 300 sweat glands
thickest skin = feet
thinnest skin = eyelids
skin renews every 28 days
skin colour via MELANIN
melanin protects from UV
179
4) synovial membranes
synovial cavity
synovial fluid
lubricate
O2 CO2 waste nutrient exchange
not true epithelium
no basement membrane
develops with CT
SYNOVIOCYTES
180
note cracking joints
when some joints stretched air bubbles form/release
causes cracking noise
181
systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
antibodies/immune cells attack CT
ranges from mild to severe
"disease of 1000 faces" (wide ranging symptoms)
SSx (signs/symptoms)
Ulcers
arthritis
fever
fatigue
weight loss
neurological
note butterfly rash on face
Etiology
genetics
environmental
toxins
182
Sjogren's syndrome
immune cells destroy EXOCRINE glands (lacrimal/salivary)
SSx
dry eyes, mouth, nose
arthritis
pancreatitis
pleuritis
more females than males
183
