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anaphy lec > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

group of cells with similar structure and function

A

Tissue

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2
Q

study of tissues

A

Histology

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3
Q
  • a physician who examine cells and tissue
  • A ______ (____- = disease) is a physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses. One of the principal functions of a pathologist is to examine tissues for any changes that might indicate disease
A

Pathologist

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4
Q

TYPES OF TISSUE

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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5
Q

Cell junction (types/parts)

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Adherens
Hemidesmosomes
Gap junctions

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6
Q

bind adjacent cells together
Ex. Intestines

A

Tight junctions:

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7
Q

mechanical links that bind cells

A

Desmosomes: (cadherins)

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8
Q

Help epithelial surfaces resist separation during contractile activities

A

Adherens: (cadherins)

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9
Q

bind cells to the basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes: (integrins)

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10
Q

small channels that allow molecules to pass between cells allow cells to communicate most common

A

Gap junctions: (connexins)

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11
Q
  • covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands.
A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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12
Q
  • allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environments.
A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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13
Q

Hallmarks of epithelial tissues:

A
  • Cover and line body surfaces
  • Often form sheets with one free surface, the apical surface, and an anchored surface, the basement membrane
  • Avascular (no blood supply)
  • Regenerate easily if well nourished
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14
Q

Epithelial tissue is arranged in two general patterns in the body:

A

1) covering and lining various surfaces and (2) forming the secreting portions of glands.

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15
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

PROTECTS
SECRETES (mucus, hormones, and enzymes)
ABSORBS (nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract)
EXCRETES (various substances in the urinary tract)

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16
Q

Classification of Epithelium Based on Cell Layers

A

Simple Epithelium
Stratified Epithelium
Pseudostratified Epithelium

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17
Q
  • Consists of only a single layer of cells; Secretion, absorption
A

Simple Epithelium

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18
Q
  • Consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, with some cells sitting on top of others.
A

Stratified Epithelium

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19
Q
  • Appeared to be 2 or more layers of cells, some are tall and others are short
A

Pseudostratified Epithelium

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20
Q

Classification of Epithelium Based on Idealized Shapes

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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21
Q

cells are flat or scalelike; rapid passage of substances

A

Squamous

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22
Q

are cube-shaped; may have microvilli; secretion and absorption

A

Cuboidal

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23
Q

are tall and thin, cell tends to be taller than they are wide; secretion and absorption; protect underlying tissues

A

Columnar

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24
Q

cells change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch (distend) to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size

A

Transitional

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25
Q

Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cell; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed in cross section because the cells are so flat.

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

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26
Q

Function: Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

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27
Q

Location: Lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the lungs, portions of kidney tubules, lining of serous membranes of body cavities

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

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28
Q

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs)

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

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29
Q

Function: Secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules, secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

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30
Q

Location: Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, and surfaces of the ovaries

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

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31
Q

Single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus) or microvilli (intestines)

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

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32
Q

Function: Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells, partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells, secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestine, absorption by cells of the intestine

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

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33
Q

Location: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, and ventricles of the brain

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

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34
Q

Single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified, the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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35
Q

Function: Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface and move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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36
Q

Location: Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi of lungs

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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37
Q

Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

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38
Q

Function: Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier against infection, and reduces loss of water from the body

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

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39
Q

Location: Keratinized-outer layer of the skin; nonkeratinized-mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, and corneas

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

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40
Q

-consists of more than one layer of cuboidal epithelial cells.
- This epithelial type is relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and the salivary glands.
- It functions in absorption, secretion, and protection.

A

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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41
Q
  • consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, but only the surface cells are columnar
A

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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42
Q

Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid

A

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

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43
Q

Function: Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or a tube, protects against the caustic effects of urine

A

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

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44
Q

Location: Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra

A

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

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45
Q

Two major gland types develop from epithelial sheets

A

Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands

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46
Q
  • Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels
  • Examples: thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary
A

Endocrine glands

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47
Q
  • Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
  • Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both internal and external)
A

Exocrine glands

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48
Q

It is usually characterized by large amounts of extracellular material that separates cells from one another.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

49
Q

Functions:
Protection
Support
Binding

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

50
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Variations in blood supply
- Some tissue types are well vascularized
- Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular
Extracellular matrix
- Nonliving material that surrounds living cells

51
Q
  • Some tissue types are well vascularized
  • Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular
A

Variations in blood supply

52
Q
  • Nonliving material that surrounds living cells
A

Extracellular matrix

53
Q

Types Of Protein Fibers

A

ELASTIN FIBER
FIBROBLASTS
COLLAGEN FIBER

54
Q

______, which resemble microscopic ropes, are flexible but resist stretching.

A

Collagen fibers

55
Q

____ are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network.

A

Reticular fibers

56
Q

_____ have a structure similar to that of coiled metal bed springs; after being stretched, they can recoil to their original shape.

A

Elastic fibers

57
Q

Adult connective tissue consists of three types:

A

Connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
Supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone)
fluid connective tissue (blood).

58
Q

_______ consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

A

Loose connective tissue

59
Q

Three subdivisions of loose connective tissue are :

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular.

60
Q

A fine network of fibers (mostly collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers) with spaces between the fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes are located in the spaces

A

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

61
Q

Function: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated

A

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

62
Q

Location: Widely distributed throughout the body, substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves, attaches the skin to underlying tissues

A

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

63
Q

Little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the adipocytes, or fat cells, are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

64
Q

Function: Packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

65
Q

Location: Predominantly in subcutaneous areas, mesenteries, renal pelves, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, mammary glands, and in loose connective tissue that penetrates into spaces and crevices

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

66
Q

Fine network of reticular fibers irregulary arranged

A

RETICULAR TISSUE

67
Q

Function: Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues

A

RETICULAR TISSUE

68
Q

Location: Within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

A

RETICULAR TISSUE

69
Q

______ has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.

A

Dense connective tissue

70
Q

There are two major subcategories of dense connective tissue:

A

collagenous and elastic.

71
Q

Matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction in tendons and ligaments; collagen fibers run in several directions in the dermis of the skin and in organ capsules

A

DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

72
Q

Function: Withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation due to great tensile strength and stretch resistance

A

DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

73
Q

Location: Tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bones to each other); also found in the dermis of the skin, organ capsules, and the outer layer of many blood vessels

A

DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

74
Q

Matrix composed of collagen fibers and elastin fibers running in somewhat the same direction in elastic ligaments; elastic fibers run in connective tissue of blood vessel walls

A

DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

75
Q

Function: Capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation

A

DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

76
Q

Location: Elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck (nucha) and in the vocal cords; also found in elastic connective tissue of blood vessel walls

A

DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

77
Q

Supporting Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage

78
Q

____ provides support, but if bent or slightly compressed, it resumes its original shape.

A

Cartilage

79
Q

There are three types of cartilage:

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

80
Q

Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent, the chondrocytes are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE

81
Q

Function: Allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE

82
Q

Location: Growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, and the embryonic skeleton

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE

83
Q

Collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles

A

FIBROCARTILAGE

84
Q

Function: Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure

A

FIBROCARTILAGE

85
Q

Location: Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and articular disks (e.g., knees and temporomandibular (jaw] joints)

A

FIBROCARTILAGE

86
Q

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastin fibers

A

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

87
Q

Function: Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched

A

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

88
Q

Location: External glands, epiglottis and auditory tubes

A

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

89
Q

Hard, bony matrix predominates, many osteocytes (not seen in this bone preparation) are located within locunAe, the matrix is organized into layers called lamellae

A

BONE

90
Q

Function: Provides great strength and support and protects internal organs, such as the brain; bone also provides attachment sites for muscles and ligaments; the joints of bones allow movements

A

BONE

91
Q

Location: All bones of the body

A

BONE

92
Q

Contains large spaces and in which the extracellular matrix is arranged as little beams called trabeculae.

A

Spongy Bone

93
Q

Blood cells and a fluid matrix

A

BLOOD

94
Q

Function: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation

A

BLOOD

95
Q

Location: Within the blood vessels; white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces

A

BLOOD

96
Q

participate in blood clotting mechanism agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes).

A

Platelets or thromobocytes

97
Q

Is specialized for contraction having properties of extensibility, elasticity and contractility. It is highly vascularized and innervated.

A

MUSCULAR TISSUE

98
Q

Packaged by connective tissue sheets into skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton and pull on bones or skin

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

99
Q
  • Voluntarily (consciously) controlled
  • Produces gross body movements or facial expressions
A

Skeletal muscle tissue

100
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells:

A

Striations (stripes)
Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
Long, cylindrical shape

101
Q

3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE AND CELL

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE
CARDIAC MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE

102
Q

_____ or fibers appear striated (banded); cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

103
Q

Function: movement of the body: under voluntary control

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

104
Q

Location: attached to bone or other connective tissue

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

105
Q

____ are cylindrical and striated and have a single nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

106
Q

Function: pump’s the blood, under involuntary control

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

107
Q

Location: in the heart

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

108
Q

________ cells are tapered at each end, are not striated, and have a single nucleus

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

109
Q

Function: Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces “goose bumps” in the skin; under involuntary (unconscious) control

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

110
Q

Locatio: In hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestine; skin and eyes

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

111
Q

Consists of two types of principal cells – neurons and neuroglia.

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

112
Q

Function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts
Irritability
Conductivity

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

113
Q

Composed of neurons and nerve support cells
Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

114
Q

A neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon, neuroglia, or support cells, surround the neurons

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

115
Q

Function: Neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials, store information, and integrate and evaluate data; neuroglia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

116
Q

Location: in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

117
Q

Cells in Peripheral Nervous System

A

SATELLITE CELLS
SCHWANN CELLS

118
Q

Cells in Central Nervous System

A

MICROGLIA
OLIGODENDROCYTES
EPENDYMAL CELLS
ASTROCYTES

anaphy lec (5 decks)

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