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ANAPHY LEC > INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q
  • The _____ is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain.
A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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2
Q
  • The ____ includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.
A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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3
Q
  • In addition to its barrier function, this system performs many intricate functions such as body temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli.
A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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4
Q
  • The various components of this system work in conjunction to carry out these functions—for example, body temperature regulation occurs through thermoreceptors that lead to the adjustment of peripheral blood flow, degree of perspiration, and body hair.
A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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5
Q

Components of Integumentary system

A

-skin
-nails
-hair
-cutaneous sense organ and glands

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6
Q

2 major tissue layers of skin

A

EPIDERMIS & DERMIS

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7
Q

CONSIST OF:
-superficial layer
-Stratified squamous epithelium
-Cornified or keratinized (hardened by keratin) to prevent water loss
-Avascular
-Most cells are keratinocytes

A

EPIDERMIS

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8
Q

The ___ prevents water loss and resists abrasion.

A

EPIDERMIS

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9
Q

CONSIST OF:
-Dense connective tissue
-Vascular
-on average the ____ is 10 to 20 times thicker than the epidermis.
-a layer of dense connective tissue depending on location (e.g. blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures.)

A

DERMIS

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10
Q

The ____ is responsible for most of the skin’s structural strength.

A

DERMIS

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11
Q
  • The skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue, which is a layer of connective tissue.
    e.g. areolar, adipose
  • not part of the skin, but it connects the skin to underlying muscle or bone.
A

DERMIS

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12
Q
  • Functions as padding and insulation.
  • The acceptable percentage of body fat varies from 21% to 30% for females and from 13% to 25% for males.
A

DERMIS

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13
Q

Layer of epidermis (thick hairless layer)

A

STRATUM CORNEUM
STRATUM LUCIDUM
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
DENDRITIC CELL
STRATUM SPINOSUM
MELANOZYT
STRATUM BASALE
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
DERMIS

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14
Q
  • The _____ is a layer of the epidermis found in thick skin, such as the skin on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
  • Its presence in these areas serves a specific function related to the protective role of the skin.
A

STRATUM LUCIDUM

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15
Q
  • Thick skin is subjected to more wear and tear and is exposed to harsher environmental conditions compared to thin skin.
  • The _____ acts as an additional barrier, providing extra protection against mechanical stress, friction, and abrasion.
A

STRATUM LUCIDUM

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16
Q
  • This layer consists of flattened, clear, dead keratinocytes (skin cells) that are tightly packed together. Its transparency is due to the absence of nuclei and other organelles in the cells.
  • The presence of the _____ helps to reinforce the epidermis in areas of the body where additional protection is needed.
A

STRATUM LUCIDUM

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17
Q
  • It contributes to the overall resilience and durability of thick skin, enabling it to withstand the rigors of daily activities and external factors.
A

STRATUM LUCIDUM

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18
Q

5 LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS

A

STRATUM BASALE
STRATUM SPINOSUM
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
STRATUM LUCIDUM
STRATUM CORNEUM

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19
Q
  • stratum germinativum
    -Deepest layer of epidermis
    -Lies next to dermis
A

STRATUM BASALE

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20
Q
  • Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together
  • Cells undergoing mitosis
  • Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers
A

STRATUM BASALE

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21
Q
  • Pricky layer
  • Several cell layers thick
  • Contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments
A

STRATUM SPINOSUM

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22
Q
  • Granular layer
  • Four to six layers thick
  • Accumulates 2 types of granules:
    ->Keratohyaline granules
    ->Lamellar granules
A

STRATUM GRANULOSUM

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23
Q

– help to form keratin in the upper layer

A

KERATOHYALINE GRANULES

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24
Q

– contain water-resistant glycolipid for slowing water loss across the epidermis

A

LAMELLAR GRANULES

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25
Q

-Clear layer
- Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
- Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

A

STRATUM LUCIDUM

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26
Q
  • Horny layer
  • Outermost layer of epidermis
  • Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)
A

STRATUM CORNEUM

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27
Q

Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the surface of the scalp is called

A

DANDRUFF

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28
Q

In skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a thickened area called a

A

CALLUS (HARD SKIN)

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29
Q

Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called a

A

CORN

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30
Q

Why is it that soles and palms have no hair?

A

The absence of hair on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands is primarily due to evolutionary adaptation and functional specialization.

Grip and Traction: The palms and soles are areas that come into direct contact with surfaces during activities such as walking, climbing, and grasping objects.
- The absence of hair allows for better grip and traction, enhancing tactile sensitivity and improving the ability to perform tasks that require dexterity and precision.

Sensitivity: Hair follicles contain nerve endings that contribute to sensory perception. The absence of hair on the palms and soles increases the sensitivity of these areas to touch, pressure, and temperature changes, enabling finer sensory discrimination and enhancing tactile feedback.

Hygiene: Hair follicles can trap dirt, debris, and microorganisms, potentially leading to hygiene-related issues such as infection or irritation. The absence of hair on the palms and soles reduces the likelihood of debris accumulation and facilitates easier cleaning and maintenance of these areas.

Heat Regulation: Hair acts as an insulating layer that can help regulate body temperature by trapping heat close to the skin. However, excessive hair on the palms and soles could interfere with efficient heat dissipation, which is essential for maintaining optimal thermal balance, particularly during activities that involve significant physical exertion.
Overall, the absence of hair on the palms and soles represents an evolutionary adaptation that optimizes tactile sensitivity, grip, hygiene, and thermoregulation, enabling effective functioning of these specialized regions of the body.

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31
Q

Cells in the Epidermis

A

KERATINOCYTES
MELANOCYTES
DENDRITIC (Langerhans) CELLS / INTRAEPIDERMAL CELLS
TACTILE (Merkel) CELLS

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32
Q
  • Produce keratin, a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
  • Arise in the deepest part of the epidermis, stratum Basale
A

KERATINOCYTES

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33
Q
  • Spider-shaped epithelial cells
  • Synthesize melanin pigment
  • Found in the deepest part of the epidermis
A

MELANOCYTES

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34
Q
  • Arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
  • Ingest foreign substances
  • Key activators of our immune system
A

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells / Intraepidermal cells

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35
Q
  • Present at the epidermal-dermal junction
  • Functions as sensory receptor for touch
A

Tactile (Merkel) Cells

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36
Q

TWO LAYERS OF DERMIS

A

PAPILLARY LAYER
RETICULAR LAYER

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37
Q
  • Areolar connective tissue
  • Collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat
  • Projections called dermal papillae
    ->Some contain capillary loops
    ->Others house pain receptors and touch receptors called tactile or Meissner’s corpuscles
A

Papillary layer (upper dermal region)

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38
Q

The ___ contain many blood vessels.
The ___ in the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the tips of the digits are arranged in parallel, curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints and footprints.

A

DERMAL PAPILLAE

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39
Q

Downward projections of epidermis is the called the

A

rete ridges

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40
Q
  • 80% of the thickness of the dermis
  • Dense fibrous connective tissue
  • Cleavage (tension lines) – important to surgeon
  • Flexure lines – dermal folds that occur at or near joints
A

RETICULAR LAYER

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41
Q

– important to surgeon
- Langer lines of skin tension, or sometimes called ____, are topological lines drawn on a map of the human body.
- They are parallel to the natural orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis, as well as the underlying muscle fibers.

A

CLEAVAGE (TENSION LINES)

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42
Q

– dermal folds that occur at or near joints
- Found in the fingers and toes, etc. are places where the dermis has folds to accommodate joint movement.

A

FLEXURE LINES

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43
Q

An incision made ____ with these lines tends to gap less and produce less scar tissue.

A

PARALLEL

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44
Q

NORMAL SKIN COLOR DERMINANTS

A

MELANIN
CAROTENE
HEMOGLOBIN

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45
Q

-Polymer made of tyrosine amino acids
>Pheomelanin – Yellow to red
>Eumelanin – brown to black

A

MELANIN

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46
Q

____ is produced by melanocytes and the melanin is packaged into vesicles called melanosomes, which move into the cell processes of melanocytes.

A

MELANIN

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47
Q

-Precursor of Vitamin A needed for vision
-Lipid-soluble
-Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
-Accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis

A

CAROTENE

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48
Q

-Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
-Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
-A decrease in blood flow, as occurs in shock, can make the skin appear pale.
-A decrease in the blood O2 content produces a bluish color of the skin, called cyanosis.

A

HEMOGLOBIN

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49
Q

A ____, as occurs in shock, can make the skin appear pale.
A _____ content produces a bluish color of the skin, called ____.

A
  • decrease in blood flow,
  • decrease in the blood O2
  • cyanosis.
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50
Q

8 Alterations in Skin Color

A

CYANOTIC
REDNESS (ERYTHEMA)
PALLOR (BLANCHING)
JAUNDICE (YELLOWING)
DEPIGMENTATION
BRONZING (HYPERPIGMENTATION)
ALBINISM
BRUISES

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51
Q

skins appear bluish
- due to deficient oxygenation of the blood

A

CYANOTIC

52
Q

due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

A

REDNESS

53
Q

due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
-paleness

A

PALLOR

54
Q

Liver disorder, gallbladder, or pancreas; occurs when too much bilirubin builds up in the body
- It can occur when too much bilirubin builds up in the body.
-This may happen when: There are too many red blood cells dying or breaking down (hemolysis) and going to the liver.

A

JAUNDICE

55
Q

Vitiligo (skin condition)
-happens when the skin entirely loses pigment and turns white

A

DEPIGMENTATION

56
Q

Addison’s disease (skin disease) – primary adrenal insufficiency
- causes patches of skin to become darker than the surrounding skin. It occurs when the skin produces excess melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color.

A

BRONZING (HYPERPIGMENTATION)

57
Q

– genetic disorder
- a single mutation can prevent the production of melanin and cause

A

ALBINISM

58
Q

hematomas
- is skin discoloration from damaged, leaking blood vessels underneath your skin.

A

BRUISES

59
Q

4 Skin Appendages

A

CUTANEOUS GLANDS
HAIR
HAIR FOLLICLES
NAILS

60
Q
  • all exocrine glands
    TWO TYPES
    ->Sebaceous (OIL) glands
    ->Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
A

CUTANEOUS GLANDS

61
Q

APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN

A

OIL GLANDS
SWEAT GLANDS

62
Q
  • Produce oil (___), accumulated
    ->lipids and cell fragments
    ->Lubricant for skin
    ->Prevents brittle hair
    ->Kills bacteria

-The ___ is released by holocrine secretion
- Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
- Glands are activated at puberty

A

Oil (sebaceous) glands

63
Q
  • Produce sweat
  • Widely distributed in skin except nipples and parts of external genitalia
    2 Types:
    Eccrine
    Apocrine
A

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

64
Q

Two types of sudoriferous glands

A

ECCRINE (MEROCRINE) SWEAT GLANDS
APOCRIINE SWEAT GLANDS

65
Q
  • Numerous and abundant in the palms, soles of the feet and forehead
  • Open via duct to pore on skin surface
  • Produce sweat (clear) – water & few salts
A

ECCRINE (MEROCRINE) SWEAT GLANDS

66
Q
  • Aprox. 2,000 are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas
  • Ducts empty into hair follicles
  • Begin to function at puberty
  • Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)
A

APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS

67
Q

Modified apocrine glands:

A

> Ciliary glands - in the eyelids
Ceruminous glands - which produces ear wax
Mammary gland - w/c produces milk

68
Q

Sweat and Its Function

A
  • Composition
    >Mostly water
    >Salts and vitamin C
    >Some metabolic waste
    >Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
  • Function
    >Helps dissipate excess heat
    >Excretes waste products
    >Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
  • Odor is from associated bacteria
69
Q

Found in the eyelids

A

CILIARY GLANDS

70
Q

Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal
Secretion mixes with sebum to produce cerumen or ear wax.

A

CERUMINOUS GLANDS

71
Q

Secretes milk

A

MAMMARY GLANDS

72
Q

Produced by hair follicle
Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale
- 80,000 and 120,000

A

HAIR OR PILI

73
Q

Associated hair structures

A

HAIR FOLLICLE
ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE

74
Q

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

A

HAIR FOLLICLE

75
Q
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened
  • Important role: contractions force sebum out of hair follicles to the skin surface where it acts as skin lubricant.
A

ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE

76
Q

Types of Hair Growth

A

Lanugo
Vellus hair
Terminal (androgenic) hair

77
Q
  • very thin, soft, usually unpigmented downy hair that is sometimes found on the body of a fetal or new-born human, first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles
    -It can be found everywhere on a baby’s body, except on the palms, lips, and soles of the feet.
A

LANUGO

78
Q
  • is thin, fine hair that grows on most of your body. You might know it as “peach fuzz.” It’s different from the thicker, longer hair you have on your scalp, which healthcare providers call terminal hair.
  • ____ is usually lighter and shorter than terminal hair.
  • LOC: ear lobes/ face/ neck/ arms/ legs/ trunk
A

VELLUS HAIR

79
Q

What happens if you pluck vellus hair?

A

“If you pluck vellus hair, it will become darker and harder,” Dr. Boyer says. “Plucking vellus hair pushes up the follicle that produces it into the skin. It will become darker and hardens as the follicle swells and thickens, eventually falling out on its own.”

80
Q

-is coarse, thick hair that is found on the scalp, underarms, and pubic area. In men, ____ hair is also found on the face.

A

TERMINAL (ANDROGENIC) HAIR

81
Q

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

A

HIRSUTISM
ALOPECIA
TRUE OR FRANK BALDNESS

82
Q

– excessive hairiness
– may result from an adrenal gland
or ovarian tumor

A

HIRSUTISM

83
Q

hair thinning and some degree of baldness

A

ALOPECIA

84
Q

Most common, male pattern baldness

A

TRUE OR FRANK BALDNESS

85
Q
  • Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
    >Heavily keratinized
  • Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
    >Responsible for growth
    -Lack of pigment makes them colorless
A

NAILS

86
Q

Physiology of the integumentary system

A

Protection
Sensation
Vitamin D Production
Temperature Regulation
Immunity
Excretion

87
Q
  • The intact skin plays an important role in reducing water loss because its lipids act as a barrier to the diffusion of water.
  • The skin prevents microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body. Secretions from skin glands also produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms.
A

PROTECTION

88
Q
  • The stratified squamous epithelium of the skin protects underlying structures against abrasion.
  • Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light and protects underlying structures from its damaging effects.
A

PROCTECTION

89
Q
  • Hair provides protection in several ways:
    > hair on the head acts as a heat insulator
    >eyebrows keep sweat out of the eyes
    >eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign objects
    >hair in the nose and ears prevents the entry of dust and other materials.
    >Protect us from things in our environment, incl. UV radiation, dust and debris
    >Play an important psychological role in how we perceive or identify ourselves
A

PROTECTION

90
Q
  • The nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense.
A

PROTECTION

91
Q
  • Receptors in the epidermis and dermis can detect pain, heat, cold, and pressure.
  • Although hair does not have a nerve supply, sensory receptors around the hair follicle can detect the movement of hair.
A

SENSATION

92
Q
  • When the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light, a precursor molecule of vitamin D is formed.
  • The precursor is carried by the blood to the liver, where it is modified, and then to the kidneys, where the precursor is modified further to form active vitamin D.
    (If exposed to enough ultraviolet light, humans can produce all the vitamin D they need.)
  • Vitamin D stimulates the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate, the substances necessary for normal bone growth and normal muscle function .
A

VITAMIN D PRODUCTION

93
Q
  • ____ is important because the rate of chemical reactions within the body can be increased or decreased by changes in body temperature.
  • Exercise, fever, and an increase in environmental temperature tend to raise body temperature
A

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

94
Q
  • Blood vessels in the dermis dilate and enable more blood to flow within the skin, thus transferring heat from deeper tissues to the skin
    (Important in maintaining homeostasis)
  • Help regulate our temperature by promoting of sweat evaporation w/c can help us cool
A

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

95
Q
  • Acts as a barrier that prevents direct entry of pathogens.
  • Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) – defensins and cathelicidins and lipids – sphingomyelin and glucosylceramides acts as a biomolecular barrier that disrupts bacterial membranes.
A

IMMUNITY

96
Q
  • Integumentary system plays a minor role in excretion, the removal of waste products from the body.
  • In addition to water and salts, sweat contains small amounts of waste products, such as urea, uric acid, and ammonia.
A

EXCRETION

97
Q

When blood vessel dilates

A

Heat loss across the epidermis increase

98
Q

When blood vessel contricts

A

Heat loss across the epidermis decrease

99
Q

Tissue repair (wound healing) occurs in two ways:

A

REGENERATION
FIBROSIS

100
Q

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

A

REGENERATION

101
Q

Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)

A

FIBROSIS

102
Q

Whether regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends on:

A

Type of tissue damaged
Severity of the injury

103
Q

Events of Tissue Repair

A
  • Inflammation sets the stage
  • Granulation tissue forms
  • Regeneration and fibrosis affect permanent repair
104
Q
  • Capillaries become very permeable
  • Clotting proteins migrate into the area from the bloodstream
  • A clot walls off the injured area
  • Physical effects of inflammation
    >swelling, pain, heat and redness
A

IMFLAMMATION SETS THE STAGE

105
Q
  • Growth of new capillaries (angiogenesis)
  • Phagocytes dispose of blood clot
  • Mesenchymal cells replaced by fibroblasts
  • Rebuild collagen fibers
A

GRANULATION TISSUE FORMS

106
Q
  • Scab detaches
  • Whether the scar is visible or invisible depends on the severity of the wound
A

REGENERATION AND FIBROSIS AFFECT PERMANENT REPAIR

107
Q

Tissue Repair (wound healing)

A
  • Tissues that regenerate easily
  • Tissues that regenerate poorly
  • Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
108
Q
  • Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)
  • Fibrous connective tissues and bone
A

Tissues that regenerate easily

109
Q
  • Skeletal muscle
A

Tissues that regenerate poorly

110
Q
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
A

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

111
Q

Classified on the basis of the amount of skin damage produced

A

BURNS

112
Q

A ___ is injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
___ are classified according to their depth.

A

BURNS

113
Q

Partial-thickness ___, part of the stratum basale remains viable, and regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area, as well as from the edges of the ___.

A

BURN

114
Q

2 PARTIAL THICKNESS BURNS
2 FULL THICKNESS BURNS

A

FIRST-DEGREE BURNS
SECOND-DEGREE BURNS
THIRD-DEGREE BURNS
FORTH-DEGREE BURNS

115
Q
  • Involve only the epidermis and are red and painful. Slight edema or swelling, may be present.
  • They can be caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very hot or very cold objects, and they heal without scarring in about a week.
A

FIRST-DEGREE BURNS

116
Q
  • damage both the epidermis and the dermis. If dermal damage is minimal, symptoms include redness, pain, edema, and blisters. If the burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound appears red, tan, or white; can take several months to heal; and might scar.
    (Healing takes about 2 weeks, and no scarring results)
A

SECOND-DEGREE BURNS

117
Q
  • the epidermis and the dermis are completely destroyed, and recovery occurs from the edges of the burn wound.
  • Often are surrounded by areas of first- and second-degree burns.
    is usually painless because sensory receptors in the epidermis and dermis have been destroyed.
  • Third-degree burns appear white, tan, brown, black, or deep cherry red.
A

THIRD-DEGREE BURNS

118
Q
  • are extremely severe burns that affect tissues deeper than the subcutaneous tissue.
    (the highest level of burns and have the potential to be life-threatening.)
  • Often damage muscle, bone, and other tissues associated with them.
  • Painless
  • Amputation or complete removal of the damaged tissue is required.
    Resultant increased susceptibility to infection can caused death.
A

FORTH-DEGREE BURNS

119
Q
  • A general term for different integumentary carcinomas.
  • The abnormal growth of skin cells
A

SKIN CANCER

120
Q

___ is the most common type of cancer.
The development of ____ is associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. Most ____ develop on the face, neck, or hands. The group of people most likely to have ____ are fair-skinned
There are three main types of ____

A

SKIN CANCER

121
Q

three main types of skin cancer.

A

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
MALIGNANT MELANOMA

122
Q
  • the most frequent type, begins with cells in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis to produce an open ulcer.
  • Surgical removal or radiation therapy cures this type of cancer.
A

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

123
Q
  • develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale.
  • undergo little or no cell division, but in squamous cell carcinoma, the cells continue to divide as they produce keratin.
  • The typical result is a nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the epidermis
  • If untreated, the tumor can invade the dermis, metastasize, and cause death.
A

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

124
Q
  • is a rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole.
  • A mole is an aggregation, or “nest,” of melanocytes.
  • The melanoma can appear as a large, flat, spreading lesion or as a deeply pigmented nodule.
  • Metastasis is common, and unless diagnosed and treated early in development, this cancer is often fatal.
A

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

125
Q

How to avoid any form of skin cancer?

A
  1. Limiting exposure to the sun and using sunscreens that block ultraviolet light can reduce the likelihood of developing skin cancer.
126
Q

Effects Of Aging On The Integumentary System

A
  • As the body ages, the skin is more easily damaged.
  • Skin infections are more likely, and repair of the skin occurs more slowly.
  • A decrease in the number of elastic fibers in the dermis and loss of adipose tissue from the subcutaneous tis-sue cause the skin to sag and wrinkle.
127
Q

Gray or white hair also results because of a _____.

A
  • decrease in or a lack of melanin production.

ANAPHY LEC (5 decks)

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