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ANAPHY LEC > SKELETAL SYSTEM (PHYSIOLOGY) > Flashcards

SKELETAL SYSTEM (PHYSIOLOGY) Flashcards

1
Q

How Do Bones Develop?

A

▪ As an infant, most of your skeleton is cartilage.

▪ Cartilage is a strong flexible tissue.

▪ Over time the cartilage is replaced by solid bone,
usually complete by the time you stop growing.

▪ Not all cartilage is replaced in adults. Many joints contain cartilage, protecting the ends of bones (ears and the end of the nose is also cartilage).

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2
Q

As an infant, most of your skeleton is ____.

A

CARTILAGE

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3
Q

_____ is a strong flexible tissue.

A

CARTILAGE

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4
Q

How Strong are Bones?

A

▪ The structure of bones make it both strong and light weight.
▪ 20 % of an adults body weight is bone.
▪ Bone is made up of 2 minerals:
►Calcium
►Phosphorus

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5
Q

▪ The structure of bones make it both ___ & ___

A

both strong and
light weight.

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6
Q

___ % of an adults body weight is bone.

A

20%

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7
Q

▪ Bone is made up of 2 minerals:

A

►Calcium
►Phosphorus

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8
Q

Types of Bone Cells

A

OSTEOGENIC CELL
OSTEOBLAST
OSTEOCYTE
OSTEOCLAST

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9
Q

_____, are mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum.

A

Osteogenic cell or osteoprogenitor cells

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10
Q

_____ bone-forming cells; synthesize and secrete collagen matrix and calcium salts

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

_____ mature bone cells; monitor and maintain the bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

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12
Q

______ giant bone-destroying cells

  • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone
A

Osteoclasts

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13
Q

Bone remodeling is performed by both _____

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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14
Q

____ is the process of bone formation

A

Ossification

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15
Q
  • Occurs on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes
  • Long bone growth involves two major phases
A

Ossification

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16
Q

Two types of ossification

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
  2. Endochondral ossification

(▪ Both types of bone formation result in compact and spongy bone.)

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17
Q

TYPES OF BONE FORMATION

A

►Bone formation and growth
►Intramembranous ossification
►Endochondral ossification

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18
Q

▪ Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes
▪ Occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within CT
▪ Bones of the skull

A

Intramembranous ossification

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19
Q

▪ Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage
▪ Cartilage model is replaced by bone.

A

Endochondral ossification

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20
Q

2 Classifications of Endochondral ossification

A

▪ Primary ossification center
▪ Secondary ossification center

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21
Q

bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone

A

▪ Primary ossification center

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22
Q

bone formation in the epiphysis

A

Secondary ossification center

23
Q

Stages of long-bone formation in an
embryo, fetus, and young child.

A
24
Q

2 types of Bone Growth

A

►Appositional growth (growth from outside)

►Interstitial growth (growth from within)

25
Q

▪ Bones grow in width
▪ Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis
▪ Osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from the inner surface of the diaphysis

A

►Appositional growth (growth from outside)

26
Q

▪ Bones expands
▪ Lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix

A

►Interstitial growth (growth from within)

27
Q

______ is controlled by hormones, such
as growth hormone and sex hormones

A

Bone growth

28
Q

Process of Calcium Homeostasis

A
  1. Decreased blood Ca2+ stimulates PTH secretion from parathyroid glands
  2. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca2+ into the blood
  3. In the kidneys, PTH increases Ca2+ reabsorption from the urine. PTH also stimulates active Vitamin D formation
  4. Vitamin D promotes Ca2+ absorption from the small intestine into the blood
  5. Increased blood Ca2+ stimulates calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland
  6. Calcitonin inhabits osteoclasts, which allows for enhanced osteoblast uptake of Ca2+ from the blood to deposit into bone
29
Q

break in a bone

A

Fracture

30
Q

Types of bone fractures

A

▪ Closed (simple) fracture
▪ Open (compound) fracture

31
Q

____ is a break that does not penetrate the skin

A

Closed (simple) fracture

32
Q

_____ is a broken bone that penetrates through the skin

A

Open (compound) fracture

33
Q

Bone fractures are treated by ___ & ___

A

reduction and immobilization

34
Q

bones are manually coaxed into position by physician’s hands

A

Closed reduction

35
Q

bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery

A

Open reduction

36
Q

Healing time of a bone fracture

A

6–8 weeks

37
Q

Repair of bone fractures involves four major events

A

▪ Hematoma (blood-filled swelling, or bruise) is formed
▪ Fibrocartilage callus forms
▪ Bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus
▪ Bone remodeling occurs in response to mechanical stresses

38
Q

►Cartilage matrix, bony matrix, collagen fibers splint the broken bone

A

Fibrocartilage callus forms

39
Q

►Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate in

A

Bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus

40
Q

STAGES IN THE HEALING OF A BONE FRACTURE

A
41
Q

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

A

COMMINUTED
COMPRESSION
DEPRESSED
IMPACTED
SPIRAL
GREENSTICK

42
Q

Bone breaks into three or more fragments

  • Particularly common in older people, whose bones are more brittle.
A

COMMINUTED

43
Q

Bone is crushed

-Common in porous bones (ie,.osteoporotic bones of older people)

A

COMPRESSION

44
Q

Break bone portion is pressed inward

  • Typical of skull fracture
A

DEPRESSED

45
Q

Broken bone ends are forced into each other

  • Commonly occurs when someone attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms
A

IMPACTED

46
Q

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

  • Common sports fracture
A

SPIRAL

47
Q

Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig break.

  • Common in children, whose bones are more flexible than those of adults
A

GREENSTICK

48
Q

What are the Functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  1. Support
  2. Assistance in movement
  3. Protection
  4. Blood cell formation
  5. Storage
  6. Triglyceride storage
49
Q

The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing
attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles.

A

SUPPORT

50
Q

Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement.

A

Assistance in movement.

51
Q

The skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury.

A

Protection

52
Q

A connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process
called hematopoiesis.

A

Blood cell formation

53
Q

Bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, for use by the body

A

Storage

54
Q

Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.

A

Triglyceride storage

ANAPHY LEC (5 decks)

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