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MAY ANATOMY REVISION > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Recall points for ‘tissue’

A 
Intro 
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue 
Epithelial tissue 
Connective tissue
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2
Q

What are the three broad components of tissue ?

A

Cells
Extracellular matrix
Tissue fluid

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3
Q

What are the four types of tissue ?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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4
Q

Muscle tissue is ….

A

Contractile

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5
Q

What does it mean that muscle tissue is contractile?

A

It shortens lengths and closes down spaces

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6
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of muscle tissue

A

Muscle cells are packed with contractile apparatus

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7
Q

Name the three types of muscle tissue ?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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8
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Straited

Highly organised arrangement of contractile proteins

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9
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Non-striated

Randomly organised arrangement of contractile proteins

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10
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Straited

Organised arrangement of contractile proteins

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11
Q

What is nervous tissue used for ?

A

Communication. Nervous tissue receives, generates and transmits electrical signals.

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12
Q

What cells are found in nervous tissue ?

A

Neurons and supporter cells called Gila.

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13
Q

What are the different parts of a neuron?

A 
Soma 
Dendrites 
Axon 
Terminals 
Initiation segment
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14
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue ?

A

Covers surfaces and separates compartments within the body.

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15
Q

Describe the relationship between matrix and cell in epithelial tissue

A

Lots of cells and the cells determine the function

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16
Q

Describe some basic features of epithelial cells?

A

Good regenerative power
Good adaptive power
Variation in thickens

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17
Q

How do epithelial cells maintain coverage?

A
  • Form cell to cell junctions
  • Form junctions with extracellular matrix
  • Don’t have any contact inhibition
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18
Q

What are the names of the three types of cell to cell junctions?

A

Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes

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19
Q

What are tight junctions ?

A

They seal intercellular spaces

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20
Q

What are gap junctions ?

A

They allow for cell to cell communication

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21
Q

What are desmosomes ?

A

They create a firm anchorage

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22
Q

How do epithelial cells connect to the matrix?

A

They sit on a basement membrane and form half desmosomes which help to create a firm hold.

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23
Q

How can epithelial cells be classified?

A 
Simple squamous (flat)
Simple cuboidal (square)
Simple columnar (rectangle)
Simple pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous 
Satisfied cuboidal 
Stratified Columnar 
Stratified transitional
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24
Q

What makes epithelial simple ?

A

One cell thick

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25
Q

What makes epithelial stratified ?

A

More than one cell thick

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26
Q

Where can transitional epithelial be found ?

A

Only found in the urinal system

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27
Q

What does Satisfied squamous look like ?

A

Top layer is squamous (i.e. flat)

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28
Q

What are some secondary functions of epithelial tissue ?

A
  • Cilia i.e. in the trachea which moves unwanted particles away from the lungs
  • Villi and microvilli i.e. in the GI tract which help to absorb food molecules.
29
Q

What are glands ?

A

Collections of secretory epithelial cells

30
Q

Glands can be 1 or 2

A

Single celled or multicellular

31
Q

Glands can be 3 or 4

A

Exocrine or endocrine

32
Q

What is an exocrine gland ?

A

Secrete into tubes

33
Q

What is an endocrine gland ?

A

Secrete into the blood

34
Q

What are the different shapes which glands can be ?

A 
Simple tubular 
Simple Acinar 
Compound tubular 
Compound acinar 
Compound tubuloachinar
35
Q

What are the names of the three methods of exocrine gland secretion ?

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

36
Q

What is a merocrine gland ?

A

The gland remains intact but little vesicles of the substance get secreted out into the lumen. Most exocrine glands secrete this way

37
Q

What is an example of an merocrine gland ?

A

Thyroid gland

38
Q

What is an apocrine gland ?

A

Secretion gets pinches off at the apex of the cell and the portion of the cell and secretions are released together into the lumen

39
Q

What is an example of a apocrine gland ?

A

Sweat glands

40
Q

What is a holocrine gland ?

A

The whole gland disintegrates with the secretion. The whole gland then regenerates.

41
Q

Example of a holocrine gland

A

Hair follicle

42
Q

Where kind of secretion does endocrine glands perform ?

A

Proteinaceous secretion

43
Q

Where would you find both exocrine and endocrine glands ?

A

The pancreas

44
Q

What are three examples of glands found in the body ?

A

Mucous glands
Serous glands
Myoepithelial cells

45
Q

What is a mucous gland ?

A

A type of exocrine gland. It secretes proteoglycans which when mixed with water become mucus.

46
Q

Where are mucous glands found ?

A

Trachea and gut

47
Q

What are serous glands ?

A

A type of exocrine gland which has watery enzyme secretions that are rich in protein.

48
Q

Where are serous glands found ?

49
Q

What are myoepithelial cells ?

A

Muscle type cells that help the gland to get the secretion from the acini into the lumen

50
Q

What problems can arise with epithelial tissues?

A 
Over proliferate 
Under proliferate 
Over secrete 
Under secrete 
Loss of cilia 
Carcinoma
51
Q

What is an example of a gland which can over produce ?

A

The pituitary gland which released growth hormones and so unregulated released can cause dwarfism or gigantism.

52
Q

What is the function of connective tissue ?

A

Supports and connects

53
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Bone
Bone marrow
Cartilage
Adipose tissue

54
Q

Describe the contents of connective tissue

A

Extracellular matrix and tissue fluid as well as cells. The matrix defines the function. Much fewer cells than in epithelial tissue

55
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made up of ?

A

Fibres
A ground substance
Tissue fluid

56
Q

Describe the fibres in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

They are rope like and made of collagen and elastin.

57
Q

Describe collagen fibres

A

They are inelastic but flexible with great tensile strength. There are more than 19 types. i.e. Tendons and Reticulin.
Collagen fibrils come together to form a collagen fibre.

58
Q

What kind of cells make collagen ?

A

fibroblasts

59
Q

Describe elastic fibres

A

They consist of protein called elastin and they can stretch 1.5 times there resting length. They contain microfibrils and amorphous components. They are found in sheets rather than fibres and they tend to be yellow.

60
Q

Describe the ground substance in extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

Semi solid gel.

Contains proteoglycans.

61
Q

What are the names of the three types of connective tissue ?

A

Loose
Dense regular
Dense irregular

62
Q

Describe loose connective tissue

A

Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cell and undifferentiated mesenchyme cells.

63
Q

Where can loose connective tissue be found?

A

Around organs and blood vessels

64
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A

Strong and moves all moves in the same direction

65
Q

Where can dense regular connective tissue be found?

A

Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments

66
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A

Flexible

Moves in more than one direction

67
Q

Where can dense irregular connective tissue be found ?

A

Dermis of the skin

Fibrous capsules of joints

68
Q

What conditions can arise from connective tissue ?

A

Leukaemia - Cancer of the blood or bone marrow
Epidermolysis bullosa - loss of normal fibres in connective tissue
Tears in the cartilgae
Osteoporosis/petrosis - Weakness of the bones

MAY ANATOMY REVISION (10 decks)

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