Muscles

Question 1

What is the function of muscles ?

Answer 1

Movement (Skeleton movement which is voluntary, movement of the intestine’s and movement of the heart and blood vessels)
Static support
Heat production

Question 2

Describe skeletal muscle

Answer 2

• Attacked to the skeleton
• Used for locomotion
• Used for voluntary action
• Is multinucleated

Question 3

Describe cardiac muscle

Answer 3

• Makes up the heart
• Involved in the circulation of blood around the body
• Involuntary
• Single nucleus
• Branches structure
• Has intercalated discs

Question 4

Describe smooth muscle

Answer 4

• Makes up the walls of vessels and organs
• Is used to move substances and restrict flow
• Is involuntary
• Single nucleated

Question 5

What is a motor unit ?

Answer 5

One motor neuron supplying a varying number of muscle fibres.

Question 6

What are the different shapes of skeletal muscle ?

Answer 6

Unipennate 
Bipennate 
Multipennate 
Circular 
Flat 
Parallel 
Fusiform

Question 7

What are the different functional classifications of skeletal muscle ?

Answer 7

Agonist (Prime mover)
Antagonist (opposite to agonist)
Fixator (stabiliser)
Synergist (helps the agonist)

Question 8

How can skeletal muscle be classified based on its location within the body?

Answer 8

Part of the axil or the appendicular skeleton. This is based on which part of the body they act upon. i.e. the pectoralis major is appendicular because it acts on the appendicular.

Question 9

What are the 4 ways in which muscle can be classified ?

Answer 9

Histological
Shape
Function
Location

Question 10

Name the two types of muscle attachments

Answer 10

Tendons

Aponeuroses

Question 11

What are tendons ?

Answer 11

Made of dense connective tissue. They do not shorten but can alter direction of force. They attach muscle to bone.

Question 12

What are aponeuroses ?

Answer 12

Made of dense connective tissue that are fat and thin. They are used for connecting flat muscles to bone.

Question 13

What happens to the shape of a muscle when it contracts ?

Answer 13

Shortens and widens

Question 14

Muscles passing over a joint will ….

Answer 14

act on a joint

Question 15

What are the different coverings of the muscles ?

Answer 15

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

Question 16

What are the muscles found in the anterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 16

The anterior compartment has the flexor muscles. There are three different flexor muscles. The anterior compartment in innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.

1. Biceps brachii. The biceps brachii has two heads (long and short) and crosses the 3 joints (glenohumeral, elbow and radio-ulnar joints). It supinates the forearm, flexes the elbow and shoulder.
2. Brachialis. It flexes the elbow.
3. Coracobrachialis. Flexes and adducts the shoulder.

Question 17

What are the muscles found in the posterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 17

The posterior compartment has extensors muscles. There is just one muscle. The posterior compartment in innervated by the radial nerve.

1. Triceps brachii. The triceps have three heads (long head, lateral head and medial head) and crosses two joints (shoulder and elbow joints). It extends the elbow and shoulder.

Question 18

What plexus supplies the nerves for the arm ?

Answer 18

Brachial

Question 19

Name two nerves which come from the brachial plexus

Answer 19

Musculocutaneous and radial

Question 20

Describe the anterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 20

The anterior compartments contains the flexor and pronator muscles. There are eight muscles in this group. the anterior compartment is innervated by the median and ulnar nerve.

Question 21

Describe the posterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 21

The posterior compartment contains the extensors and supinator muscles. There are ten of these. The posterior compartment is innervated by the radial nerve.

Question 22

Describe the lateral compartment of the forearm

Answer 22

The lateral compartment contains more flexor muscles. i.e. the Brachioradialis which is used to flexion of the elbow joint. The lateral compartment is innervated by the radial nerve.

Question 23

describe the muscles of the hip

Answer 23

1. Gluteus maximus (used for extension and lateral rotation )
2. Gluteus Medius (used for abduction and medial rotation)
3. Gluteus minimus: (used for abduction and medial rotation )

Question 24

describe the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 24

The anterior compartment contains the extender muscles. i.e. the quadriceps (extends knee). It is innervated by the femoral nerve.

Question 25

describe the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 25

The posterior compartment contains the flexor muscles. i.e. the Hamstrings. It is innervated by the sciatic nerve.

Question 26

describe the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 26

The medial compartment is used to adduct the hip. It is innervated by the obturator nerve.

Question 27

describe the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 27

The anterior compartment contains muscles that all dorsiflexion. It is innervated by the fibular nerve.

Question 28

describe the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 28

The posterior compartment contains the muscles that are used for plantarflexion. It is innervated by the Tibial nerve.

Question 29

describe the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 29

The lateral compartment contains the muscles that are used for eversion of the foot. It is innervated by the fibular nerve.

Question 30

Describe the actions of some of the muscles in the hands and feet

Answer 30

Actions of these muscles:
Hand: for precision (forearm muscles for strength)
Foot: support walking & maintain arches of the foot