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MAY ANATOMY REVISION > The back > Flashcards

The back Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dermatome which supplies the nipples ?

A

T4

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2
Q

What is the dermatome which supplies the belly button ?

A

T10

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3
Q

How many vertebrate are there ?

A

33

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4
Q

What is found in between the vertebrate ?

A

Intervertebral discs

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5
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column ?

A

Weight bearing
Protection (of the spinal chord, spinal nerves and arteries and veins)
Movement
Site of muscle attachment

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6
Q

How does the spinal chord weight bare?

A

It transfers the weight from the upper body to the lower limbs

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7
Q

Is the spine shock absorbent ?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What parts of the spine make it shock absorbent ?

A

Its curvature

The interverbal discs

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9
Q

Describe the basic parts of a vertebrate

A 
Body 
Pedicle 
Foramen 
Arch 
transverse process 
Inferior and superior articular facet 
Lamina 
Spinous process 
Intervertebral foramen
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10
Q

Draw the basic structure of the vertebrate from the top and the side

A

-

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11
Q

What are the three types of vertebrae ?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

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12
Q

What are the features of a cervical vertebrate ?

A
  • Forman transversarium
  • Large and triangular vertebral foramen
  • Short and bifid spinous process
  • Small round body
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13
Q

Draw a cervical vertebrate

A

-

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14
Q

What are the features of a thoracic vertebrate ?

A
  • Costal facets
  • Small and circular vertebral foramen
  • Long, sloping posteroinferiorly spinous process
  • Heart shaped body
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15
Q

Draw a thoracic vertebrate

A

-

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16
Q

What are the features of a lumbar vertebrate ?

A
  • Mammillary process, accessory process
  • Small, triangular vertebral foramen
  • Short, sturdy and rectangular spinous process
  • Large kidney shaped body
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17
Q

Draw a lumber vertebrate

A

-

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18
Q

Describe the arrangement of the articular facets in the three types of vertebrate

A
  • Cervical, allows flexion and extension, and lateral flexion
  • Thoracic, allows rotation
  • lumber allows flexion and extension
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19
Q

What is lordoses ?

A

Outward curvature of the spine which develops in infancy and is found in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine.

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20
Q

What is kyphoses ?

A

Inward curvature of the spine which develops in the featus and is found in the thoracic and sacral regions of the spine.

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21
Q

What are some examples of abnormal curvature of the spine ?

A
  • Osteoporosis , where there is excessive thoracic kyphosis
  • pregnancy, where there is excessive lumbar lordosis
  • Scoliosis, where the spine curves to the left or right
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22
Q

What are the names of the two parts of the intervertebral discs ?

A

Annulus fibrosis

Nucleus pulposus

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23
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus ?

A

A central core with a high water content

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24
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus ?

A

Layers of fibrocartilage

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25
Q

An example of where fibrocartilage is found in the body ?

A

In the intervertebral discs

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26
Q

What is a herniated discs ?

A

When the nucleus pulposus bursts through the annulus fibrosus and causes compression of the spinal nerves,

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27
Q

Describe the 5 main joints of the spine

A 
Intervertebral joints - Secondary cartilaginous (symphyses) 
Facet joints - Synovial plane 
Joints with fibs - Synovial plane 
Skull and atlas - Synovial ellipsoid  
Atlas and axis - Synovial pivot
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28
Q

What are the types of synovial joint ?

A 
Plane 
Pivot 
Condylar (Ellipsoid) 
Ball and socket 
Saddle
Hinge
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29
Q

Draw the joints of the spine

A

-

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30
Q

Name the ligaments of the spine

A 
Interspinous ligament 
Supraspinous ligament 
Anterior longitudinal ligament 
Posterior longitudinal ligament 
Ligamentum flava
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31
Q

What ligament is found between the atlas and axis ?

A

Transverse ligament

32
Q

What is another name for C1?

33
Q

Where does the spinal chord begin ?

A

Medulla oblongata

34
Q

Where does the spinal chord end ?

A

L1-L2 in adults

L3 in kids

35
Q

name the features of the spinal chord

A 
Conus medullarise 
Cauda equina 
Filum terminale 
Dural sac 
Dural cistern 
verebral canal
36
Q

What is the conus meduallarise ?

A

The one like end inferior end of the spinal chord

37
Q

What is the cauda equina ?

A

The bundle of nerves which comes out of the end of the spinal chord and descends before leaving at there level.

38
Q

What is the filum terminale ?

A

The continuation of the pia matter

39
Q

What is the dural sac ?

A

It ends at S2 and is attached to the tip of the coccyx by the filum terminale externum

40
Q

What is the dural cistern ?

A

The dilated dural sac around S2

41
Q

What is the vertebral canal ?

A

The vertebral foramen

42
Q

What shape does the grey matter of the spinal chord make ?

43
Q

What is found in the grey matter ?

A

Cell bodies

44
Q

What is found in the white matter ?

A

Axons of the neurons

45
Q

Draw and label as basic shape of the spinal chord

46
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves come from the spinal chord ?

47
Q

Which part of the vertebrate do spinal nerves exit?

A

through the intervertebral foramen

48
Q

Where is the spinal chord enlarged ?

A

The cervical and lumbar regions

49
Q

Why is the spinal chord enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions ?

A

These are the regions where the ventral rami of the spinal nerves form the nerve plexuses which supply the limbs.

50
Q

What plexuses supplies the upper limb ?

51
Q

Where does the brachial plexus arise from ?

52
Q

What plexuses supplies the lower limb ?

A

Lumbosacral

53
Q

Where does the lumbosacral plexus come from ?

54
Q

What are the different names for the coverings of the heart ?

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

55
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found ?

A

In the subarachnoid space or between the arachnoid and pia matter

56
Q

Where sympathetic outflow from ?

57
Q

Where are sympathetic cell bodies found ?

A

lateral horn of the spinal chord

58
Q

Where the parasympathetic outflow from ?

A

S2-S4

Cranial nerve 3,7,9 and 10

59
Q

Does the spinal chord have a good blood supply ?

60
Q

Where the rich blood supply from the spinal chord ?

A

From the spinal and segmental medullary arteries

61
Q

What does ischemia mean ?

A

A decreased blood supply to an area

62
Q

What can ischemia to the spinal chord cause ?

A

Muscle weakness

Paralysis

63
Q

Where does the blood form the spinal chord drain too ?

A

cerebral dural venous sinuses

64
Q

Where should a lumber puncture be performed ?

A

between L3-L4 or L4-L5

65
Q

What are the two groups of muscles in the back ?

A

Extrinsic group

intrinsic group

66
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic group of back muscles ?

A

Allows upper limb movement and respiration

67
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic group of back muscles ?

A

Maintains posture and controlled movement of the vertebral column

68
Q

What are some motions possible by the back ?

A

Rotation
Extension
Flexion
Lateral flexion

69
Q

What muscles allow bilateral flexion ?

A

Muscles of the anterior spine i.e. the rectus abdominis and psaos major

70
Q

What muscles allow bilateral extension of the back ?

A

Errector spinae

71
Q

What muscles allow unilateral rotation and unilateral lateral flexion of the back ?

A

External obliques, internal obliques and erector spinae

72
Q

What movements do anterior abdominal muscles allow ?

A

Anterior flexion, lateral flexion and rotation

73
Q

What movements do posterior abdominal muscles allow ?

A

Flexion, lateral flexion

74
Q

Draw a diagram of the muscles of the back

75
Q

What are the names of some of the muscles which are important in the back ?

A 
Pasos major 
Rectus abdominus 
Erector spinae 
Trapezius 
Deltoid 
External and internal intercostal muscles 
latissimus dorsi 
Romboid
76
Q

Summary of the spinal level of different things …

A

Brachial plexus C5-T1
Sympathetic outflow T1 - L2
Lumbosacral plexus L1 - S4
Parasympathetic outflow S2-S4 and III, XII, IX, X

MAY ANATOMY REVISION (10 decks)

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