Tires And Suspension Flashcards
1
Q
What does the ‘P’ in tire markings such as ‘P215/65R15’ indicate?
A
‘P’ indicates the tire is for passenger vehicles
This designation helps identify the intended use of the tire.
2
Q
In the tire marking ‘P215/65R15’, what does ‘215’ represent?
A
‘215’ is the width in millimeters
This measurement is crucial for ensuring proper fitment on the vehicle.
3
Q
What does ‘65’ signify in the tire marking ‘P215/65R15’?
A
‘65’ is the aspect ratio (height to width)
This ratio impacts the tire’s profile and handling characteristics.
4
Q
What does ‘R15’ indicate in the tire marking ‘P215/65R15’?
A
‘R15’ indicates radial construction and a 15-inch diameter rim
This specification is important for compatibility with the vehicle’s wheel size.
5
Q
What do the markings ‘96Y’ on a tire represent?
A
‘96’ is the load index and ‘Y’ is the speed rating
These ratings are crucial for understanding the tire’s performance limits.
6
Q
Why have tire markings evolved over time?
A
To standardize information for consumers and manufacturers, improving safety and performance
Standardization helps prevent misunderstandings regarding tire specifications.
7
Q
What does TPMS stand for?
A
Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
TPMS is essential for maintaining optimal tire pressure and safety.
8
Q
What are the two types of TPMS?
A
- Direct (uses sensors in each tire)
- Indirect (uses ABS wheel speed sensors)
Each type has its own method of monitoring tire pressure.
9
Q
What are the benefits of maintaining correct tire pressure?
A
- Improved fuel economy
- Tire longevity
- Enhanced vehicle stability
Proper tire pressure is critical for vehicle performance and safety.
10
Q
How much can maintaining optimal tire pressure improve fuel efficiency?
A
Up to 3% over time
This improvement can lead to significant savings in fuel costs.
11
Q
What significant impact has the introduction of TPMS had on vehicles?
A
It has significantly reduced tire blowouts and accidents related to under-inflated tires
This technology has improved overall vehicle safety.
12
Q
What is the function of the drop center of a wheel?
A
Allows for easier tire mounting and dismounting
This design feature ensures the tire remains seated even if air pressure is lost.
13
Q
What is a hub-centric wheel?
A
Wheels centered on the vehicle by the center bore
This design ensures proper alignment and reduces vibration.
14
Q
What is the difference between hub-centric and lug-centric wheels?
A
Hub-centric wheels are centered by the center bore, while lug-centric wheels rely on lug nut alignment
This difference affects performance and safety.
15
Q
What are sealed ball bearings designed for?
A
Require no adjustment and are low maintenance
This makes them suitable for applications where reliability is critical.
16
Q
What do tapered roller bearings require for optimal performance?
A
Periodic adjustments
These adjustments help maintain performance and wheel integrity.
17
Q
What is the definition of spring rate?
A
The force required to deflect a spring one inch
This measurement is crucial for determining ride quality and handling characteristics.
18
Q
What can adjustments to control arms and strut rods affect?
A
Camber and caster angles
These angles impact tire wear and vehicle stability.
19
Q
What does the basic working principle of hydraulic shock absorbers involve?
A
Hydraulic fluid being compressed in a cylinder
This compression dampens the motion of the vehicle.
20
Q
What distinguishes active suspension systems from passive ones?
A
Active suspensions adjust in real-time to changes in driving conditions
This enhances ride quality and vehicle control.
21
Q
What historical advancement has transformed vehicle handling and passenger comfort?
A
Advancement of suspension technology
This evolution has led to significant improvements in driving experience.
22
Q
What is the function of air compressors in electronic suspension systems?
A
Inflate air springs to adjust ride height and maintain proper suspension support
Controlled by the electronic control unit (ECU) which monitors load and height.
23
Q
Where are air compressors typically located in a vehicle?
A
Under the vehicle, near the rear axle or in the spare tire well.
24
Q
What do height sensors measure in electronic suspension systems?
A
Distance between the vehicle body and the ground, detecting changes in ride height.
25
How do load sensors function in electronic suspension systems?
Monitor weight distribution across the vehicle and signal the ECU to adjust suspension.
26
What is the role of the control module (ECU) in electronic suspension systems?
Processes data from sensors to control suspension settings in real-time.
27
What are air shocks (air dampers) and their function?
Shock absorbers that use compressed air as the damping medium, adjusting damping force based on air pressure.
28
Where are air shocks typically mounted?
In place of traditional shock absorbers, usually in systems using air suspension.
29
What distinguishes electronic shock absorbers from traditional ones?
Equipped with electronically controlled valves that regulate fluid flow to adjust damping force.
30
How do electronic struts function in suspension systems?
Combine shock absorption and spring function with electronically controlled damping.
31
What are the key precautions for towing vehicles with air springs?
* Deactivate air suspension before towing
* Use proper towing equipment
* Set ride height correctly before towing.
32
Why is it important to disconnect the vehicle's battery before servicing electronic suspension components?
To prevent electrical shorts, system malfunctions, or accidental activation.
33
What should be done before servicing air springs?
Relieve air pressure from the system to prevent accidental release of air.
34
What is the primary function of the steering wheel in a vehicle?
Allows the driver to apply input to steer the vehicle by turning the steering column.
35
What does the steering column connect in the steering system?
Connects the steering wheel to the rest of the steering mechanism.
36
Describe the function of the rack and pinion in steering systems.
Converts rotary motion from the steering wheel into lateral motion to turn the wheels.
37
What is the purpose of the steering gearbox?
Converts rotary motion from the steering wheel into linear motion for turning the wheels.
38
What does the power steering pump do?
Provides hydraulic pressure to assist with steering, reducing driver effort.
39
Where is the steering rack located in the steering system?
Part of the system that converts rotational motion into lateral motion to turn the wheels.
40
What is the function of tie rods in steering systems?
Links between the steering rack and the wheels, transferring motion to turn the wheels.
41
Fill in the blank: The control module can switch between different driving modes such as _______.
[comfort, sport]
42
True or False: Electronic suspension systems do not require real-time adjustments based on driving conditions.
False
43
What should be ensured when lifting a vehicle with air springs?
Position jack correctly under the frame or suspension mounts.
44
What converts the rotational motion of the steering wheel into the lateral motion required to turn the wheels?
Rack and Pinion
## Footnote
The rack and pinion system is common in modern vehicles, especially front-wheel-drive cars.
45
What are the links between the steering rack and the wheels called?
Tie Rods
## Footnote
Tie rods transfer motion from the steering rack to the wheels, causing them to turn.
46
What components connect the steering system to the wheel assemblies?
Steering Knuckles
## Footnote
Steering knuckles allow the wheels to pivot left or right.
47
What acts as pivot points between the steering knuckles and the suspension arms?
Ball Joints
## Footnote
Ball joints allow the steering system and suspension to move independently.
48
What type of joints connect the steering column to the steering rack or gearbox?
Universal Joints (U-joints)
## Footnote
U-joints accommodate changes in the angle of the steering column.
49
What regulates the amount of steering assist in electric power steering systems?
Electronic Steering Control Modules
## Footnote
ECMs adjust the power steering motor’s output based on sensor data.
50
What transmits the rotational force from the driver’s hands to the steering components?
Steering Shaft
## Footnote
The steering shaft connects the steering wheel to the steering mechanism.
51
What is the most common steering linkage system in modern vehicles?
Rack and Pinion Steering System
## Footnote
It consists of a pinion gear and a toothed rack.
52
List the components of the rack and pinion steering system.
* Pinion Gear
* Steering Rack
* Tie Rods
* Rack Housing
53
What are the advantages of the rack and pinion steering system?
* Direct, precise steering
* Provides feedback to the driver
* Compact and lightweight
54
What is the main disadvantage of the rack and pinion steering system?
Not ideal for large, heavy vehicles
## Footnote
It may provide less steering feel.
55
What steering system uses a series of ball bearings that circulate inside a worm gear mechanism?
Recirculating Ball Steering System
## Footnote
It is commonly found in older or larger vehicles.
56
List the components of the recirculating ball steering system.
* Worm Gear
* Ball Bearings
* Steering Gearbox
* Tie Rods
57
What are the advantages of the recirculating ball steering system?
* Provides power assistance
* Can handle higher loads and stresses
58
What are the disadvantages of the recirculating ball steering system?
* Less precise compared to rack and pinion systems
* More components prone to wear
59
What is the parallel steering system also known as?
Drag Link Steering System
## Footnote
It is common in older vehicles and heavy-duty trucks.
60
List the components of the parallel steering system.
* Steering Box
* Pitman Arm
* Drag Link
* Idler Arm
* Tie Rods
61
What are the advantages of the parallel steering system?
* Simple design
* Durable and strong
62
What are the disadvantages of the parallel steering system?
* Less precise than modern systems
* Larger and heavier components
63
What mechanism does the bell crank steering system use?
Bell Crank Mechanism
## Footnote
It redirects the motion of the steering wheel.
64
List the components of the bell crank steering system.
* Bell Crank
* Pitman Arm
* Drag Link or Tie Rods
65
What are the advantages of the bell crank steering system?
* Useful in space-constrained designs
* Effective for unique suspension needs
66
What are the disadvantages of the bell crank steering system?
* More complex than other steering systems
* Not commonly used in modern vehicles
67
What is the enhanced version of the recirculating ball system with added power assist?
Power Assisted Recirculating Ball Steering
## Footnote
It uses hydraulic or electric power to reduce steering effort.
68
List the components of the power-assisted recirculating ball steering system.
* Power Steering Pump
* Power Steering Fluid
* Electric Power Steering Motor
* Recirculating Ball Mechanism
69
What are the advantages of the power-assisted recirculating ball steering system?
* Reduces steering effort
* Improves driver comfort
70
What is the main disadvantage of the power-assisted recirculating ball steering system?
More components mean additional complexity
## Footnote
Hydraulic systems may require more maintenance.
71
What does the steer-by-wire system replace?
Traditional mechanical linkages
## Footnote
It uses electronic controls and actuators instead.
72
List the components of the steer-by-wire system.
* Electric Motors
* Sensors
* Control Modules
73
What are the advantages of the steer-by-wire system?
* Greater design flexibility
* Can integrate with advanced driver-assistance systems
74
What are the disadvantages of the steer-by-wire system?
* Limited application
* Higher cost and complexity
75
76
What is the rim?
The outer metal structure that holds the tire, providing the mounting surface for the tire and helping distribute weight and force.
77
What is the function of a tire?
The rubber covering that contacts the road, providing grip and cushioning against road irregularities.
78
What are spokes used for in certain wheels?
They connect the rim to the hub to distribute forces evenly.
79
What is the hub?
The central part of the wheel assembly that connects to the vehicle’s axle and houses the wheel bearings.
80
What are wheel bearings?
Precision-engineered bearings inside the hub that reduce friction and allow the wheel to spin freely around the axle.
81
What are lug bolts or lug nuts?
Fasteners that secure the wheel to the hub and keep it in place.
82
What does the 'P' in tire designation P215/65R16 signify?
Tire type (P = Passenger).
83
What does the number 215 in tire designation P215/65R16 represent?
Tire width in millimeters (measured from sidewall to sidewall).
84
What does the aspect ratio of 65 in tire designation P215/65R16 indicate?
Height of the sidewall as a percentage of the width; in this case, 65% of 215mm.
85
What does the 'R' in tire designation P215/65R16 stand for?
Radial construction.
86
What does the number 16 in tire designation P215/65R16 represent?
Wheel diameter in inches (the rim size the tire fits on).
87
What does the load index (LI) indicate?
The maximum weight a tire can support at proper inflation.
88
What is the load index rating for a tire with an index of 98?
1,653 lbs per tire.
89
What does the speed rating 'H' indicate?
Maximum sustained speed of 130 mph.
90
What is the purpose of Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG) ratings?
To rate tires based on treadwear, traction, and temperature resistance.
91
What does a DOT code signify?
A Department of Transportation code that ensures the tire meets safety standards.
92
What does 'M+S' stand for on a tire?
Mud and Snow, indicating suitability for light off-road or winter use.
93
What is the significance of proper tire inflation?
Critical for optimal performance, affects safety, handling, fuel efficiency, and lifespan.
94
What are the effects of underinflation on tires?
Increases rolling resistance, excessive heat buildup, and edge wear.
95
What are the consequences of overinflation?
Reduces contact patch, leads to less traction, and causes uneven tread wear.
96
How often should tires be rotated?
Every 5,000–8,000 miles.
97
What is the minimum tread depth at which wet traction begins to decline?
4/32 inches.
98
What is the maximum tire puncture size that is considered repairable?
Up to 1/4 inch (6mm) in diameter.
99
What is static balance?
Weight distribution around the tire’s centerline when the tire is stationary.
100
What does dynamic balance address?
Weight imbalances on both sides of the wheel (inner and outer planes).
101
What is the definition of sprung weight?
The weight supported by the suspension, including the chassis, engine, and body.
102
What are shock absorbers designed to do?
Control unwanted motion of the suspension by damping spring oscillations.
103
What is the function of struts in a suspension system?
Perform damping function and serve as a structural component supporting the vehicle’s weight.
104
What are the symptoms of static imbalance?
Vibration felt straight up and down through the vehicle, especially at high speeds.
105
What are the symptoms of dynamic imbalance?
Side-to-side shaking in the steering wheel, worsening at higher speeds.
106
Fill in the blank: Proper wheel balancing improves _______.
ride comfort, tire life, and vehicle stability.
107
What does the '3PMSF' marking indicate on a tire?
Meets severe winter traction requirements.
108
What are the two main types of Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS)?
* Direct TPMS * Indirect TPMS
109
What should be done if the TPMS warning light is on?
Check and adjust tire pressures. Reset TPMS if required.
110
What is a common repair method for a damaged tire?
* Plug & Patch Combo * Tire Plug Only
111
What defines unsprung weight?
The weight that is not supported by the suspension and moves directly with the wheels.
112
What is the effect of lower unsprung weight on suspension?
Improves suspension response and road grip.
113
What is the basic construction of shock absorbers?
Hydraulic devices designed to absorb and dissipate energy.
114
What are the basic components of shock absorbers?
* Cylinder (Body) * Piston & Rod * Hydraulic Fluid * Valves & Orifices * Mounting Points
115
What is the primary difference between twin-tube and mono-tube shocks?
Twin-tube has inner and outer chambers; mono-tube is more responsive with a single chamber.
116
What does a tire plug only method provide?
A temporary emergency fix.
117
What are mounting points in suspension systems?
Attaches to the suspension and frame.
118
What are Twin-Tube Shocks?
Most common; has an inner and outer chamber for fluid movement.
119
What are Mono-Tube Shocks?
More responsive; uses a single chamber with a gas charge to reduce aeration.
120
What are Gas-Charged Shocks?
Filled with nitrogen gas to prevent foaming and improve performance.
121
What is a basic construction feature of struts?
Combine a shock absorber with additional structural components.
122
What is the function of the shock absorber section in struts?
Provides damping force.
123
What role does the coil spring play in MacPherson Struts?
Supports vehicle weight and absorbs impact.
124
What is the purpose of the upper strut mount & bearing plate?
Connects the strut to the chassis; allows for steering movement.
125
Identify the most common type of strut.
MacPherson Strut.
126
What is a Chapman strut?
Similar to MacPherson but used in independent rear suspensions.
127
Do shocks provide weight support?
No, shocks provide damping but do not bear weight.
128
What do struts combine in suspension systems?
Damping and structural support.
129
What is the effect of keeping shocks and struts in good condition?
Ensures a smooth, controlled, and safe ride.
130
What do bushings do in a vehicle's suspension system?
Act as cushions between different parts, preventing metal-to-metal contact.
131
What are the functions of bushings?
* Reduce Friction and Wear
* Absorb Shocks and Vibration
* Maintain Suspension Alignment
* Allow Controlled Movement
132
What are the two types of bushings?
* Rubber Bushings
* Polyurethane Bushings
133
What is the primary function of a stabilizer (sway bar)?
Reduce body roll during cornering.
134
What are the functions of stabilizers (sway bars)?
* Reduce Body Roll
* Improve Handling
* Enhance Vehicle Stability
* Balance Suspension Load
135
What is involved in a general front suspension inspection?
Checking for leaks, physical damage, wear, and misalignment.
136
What is a live axle (solid axle) rear suspension?
A suspension design where both rear wheels are connected to a single axle.
137
What is the effect of a live axle on traction?
Can provide better traction in certain conditions but may compromise traction when one wheel loses grip.
138
What is the effect of a live axle on tire wear?
Tends to result in more uneven tire wear compared to independent suspensions.
139
What is an independent rear suspension (IRS)?
Each rear wheel is connected to the vehicle body with its own suspension components.
140
What is the effect of IRS on traction?
Provides superior traction as each wheel can independently follow road contours.
141
How does IRS affect tire wear?
Tends to result in more even tire wear due to less tire scrubbing.
142
What is a torsion beam rear suspension?
A type of semi-independent suspension where a single beam connects both rear wheels.
143
What is the effect of a torsion beam on traction?
Provides moderate traction but may not perform as well as IRS in demanding conditions.
144
What is the effect of a torsion beam on tire wear?
Can cause uneven tire wear, but typically less than a live axle.
145
What are leaf springs?
Consist of several layers of steel stacked together and mounted to the vehicle’s frame.
146
What are the functions of leaf springs?
* Support the Vehicle’s Weight
* Provide Shock Absorption
* Allow Suspension Movement
147
Where are leaf springs typically mounted?
Mounted longitudinally on the vehicle’s frame.
148
What are coil springs?
Spiral-shaped metal springs used to provide flexibility and shock absorption.
149
What are the functions of coil springs?
* Absorb Road Impacts
* Provide Suspension Travel
* Support the Vehicle’s Weight
150
Where are coil springs located in rear axle housing?
Mounted directly over the rear axle or in independent rear suspension systems.
151
What are air springs?
Flexible rubber and fabric chambers inflated with air to provide suspension support.
152
What is a key advantage of air springs?
Adjustable ride height and load capacity.
153
What are air springs?
Flexible rubber and fabric chambers that are inflated with air to provide suspension support
## Footnote
Air springs allow for adjustable ride height and load capacity.
154
What is the primary function of air springs?
* Adjustable Ride Height
* Enhanced Ride Comfort
* Load-Leveling
155
Where are air springs typically mounted in a vehicle?
Adjacent to or over the rear axle, often with shock absorbers
## Footnote
They are connected to the rear suspension system.
156
What vehicles commonly use air springs?
* Luxury cars
* Trucks
* Buses
* RVs
157
What is a torsion bar?
A long, metal rod that twists to absorb shocks and provide suspension support
## Footnote
It is a form of torsional spring.
158
What are the key functions of torsion bars?
* Support the Vehicle’s Weight
* Provide Suspension Movement
* Load Resistance
159
Where are torsion bars typically mounted?
Transversely across the rear axle or longitudinally along the vehicle frame
160
What types of vehicles commonly use torsion bars?
* Light trucks
* SUVs
* Performance vehicles
161
What is the primary purpose of leaf springs?
Support vehicle weight, absorb shocks, and allow suspension travel
162
How are leaf springs mounted in a vehicle?
Longitudinally between the rear axle and frame
163
What types of vehicles typically use leaf springs?
* Pickup trucks
* SUVs
* Commercial vehicles
164
What is the operation of level control suspension systems?
Automatically adjusts ride height to maintain a consistent level based on load changes or road conditions
165
What are the advantages of level control suspension systems?
* Improved Ride Comfort
* Maintained Ground Clearance
* Increased Safety
166
What is the operation of adaptive suspension systems?
Adjusts damping characteristics in real-time based on driving conditions and driver preferences
167
What are the key advantages of adaptive suspension systems?
* Enhanced Ride Quality
* Improved Handling and Stability
* Customization
* Fuel Efficiency
168
What defines an active suspension system?
Actively adjusts suspension stiffness and ride height using actuators or electric motors at each wheel
169
What are the advantages of active suspension systems?
* Superior Handling
* Enhanced Comfort
* Ride Height Adjustability
* Real-Time Adaptation
170
Fill in the blank: Torsion bars provide suspension support through _______.
[torsional resistance]
171
True or False: Adaptive suspension systems can only be adjusted manually by the driver.
False
172
What type of vehicle is most likely to use active suspension systems?
High-end performance vehicles and luxury cars
