TIG053 Lexical Relations Flashcards
Similarity
- Synonymy: The lexical relation in which two or more words have very closely related meanings, or the same meaning.
- Hyponymy: The lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another
- Paraphrase/Proposition: To rephrase or convey the essence of a given statement or concept.
Synonymy
The lexical relation in which two or more words have very closely related meanings, or the same meaning.
Ex. “Happy” and “Joyful”
Hyponymy
The lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another.
Superordinate: The higher-level term in hyponymy
Co-Hyponyms: Words in hyponymy that share the same superordinate.
Prototype: The most characteristic instance of a category
Ex. “Rose” and “Dandelion” are co-hyponyms of (the superordinate) “Flower”
Dissimilarity
- Antonymy: The lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings.
a) Gradable: Words with opposite meanings along a scale.
b) Binary/Complementary: Words which are direct opposites.
c) Converse: Antonyms in which the meaning of one is the reverse action of the other. - Contradiction/Proposition: A statement, situation, or proposition that conflicts with or negates another statement, situation, or proposition.
Antonymy
The lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings.
a) Gradable: Words with opposite meanings along a scale.
b) Binary/Complementary: Words which are direct opposites.
c) Converse: Antonyms in which the meaning of one is the reverse action of the other.
Ex. “Alive” and “Dead”
Gradable Antonyms
Words with opposite meanings along a scale.
Negative of one does not indicate the other.
Ex. “Hot” and “Cold”, opposite points along a temperature scale
Binary/Complementary/Non-Gradable Antonyms
Words which are direct opposites.
Negative of one indicates the other.
Ex. “Alive” and “Dead”
Converse Antonyms
Tthe meaning of one is the reverse action of the other.
Ex. “Dress” and “Undress”
Lexical Ambiguity
- Homonym: Two words with the same form that are unrelated in meaning. They have separate histories and meanings but have accidentally come to have exactly the same form.
- Polysemy: Word having two or more related meanings.
- Homophones: Two or more words with different forms and the same pronunciation
4.Metonymy: A word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience
Homonym
Two words with the same form that are unrelated in meaning.
They have separate histories and meanings but have accidentally come to have exactly the same form.
Ex. “Bark” can mean the sound a dog makes or the outer covering of a tree
Polysemy
Word having two or more related meanings.
Example: “Bank” can refer to a financial institution or the side of a river (all uses stem from the idea of something being arranged or positioned in a certain way.)
Homophones
Two or more words with different forms and the same pronunciation
Ex. “Too” and “Two”
Metonymy
A word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience.
Ex. “The White House issued a statement” (where “The White House” is used to refer to the President or the presidential administration)
Associative
- Collocation: Words that typically occur together in a phrase or sentence.
- Semantic Field: Refers to a group of words or lexemes that are related in meaning and often belong to the same category or domain.
Semantic Field
Refers to a group of words or lexemes that are related in meaning and often belong to the same category or domain.
Ex. The semantic field of “colors” includes words such as “red,” “blue,” “green,” “yellow,” and so on.
