Tidbits Flashcards
1
Q
Plasma composition (water vs solids)
A
92-95% water, 5-8% solids. Most solids are proteins, others are glucose, urea, electrolytes, other chemicals
2
Q
CV % equation
A
CV% = (SD/mean)x100
3
Q
Within-assay CV
A
random error that is expected when one sample is analyzed multiple times in one run of an assay.
4
Q
Between-assay CV
A
random error within one run of the assay plus the error from additional runs of the assay by using the same sample
5
Q
USD
A
Usual Standard Deviation (USD): an average of SD values from 3-6 consecutive months of quality assurance values. If a change in patient’s data is <2x USD, the change may be only analytical variation. If a change in patient data is >3x USD, the change is probably due to biologic variation
6
Q
Diagnostic sensitivity definition
A
The frequency with which a test is positive in patients that have the disease of interest.
A test with high diagnostic sensitivity is good for screening for the presence of a disease because the test has very few FN. If the animal has the disease, there is a high probability the test will be positive
7
Q
Diagnostic specificity definition
A
The frequency with which a test is negative in patients that do not have the disease of interest.
A test with high diagnostic specificity can be good for confirming that an animal has a disease because the test has very few FP. If the result is positive, there is a high probability the animal will have the disease
8
Q
Diagnostic accuracy definition
A
The frequency with which a test correctly classifies an animal as having or not having the disease
9
Q
Positive predictive value definition
A
The probability that a positive test result indicates that an animal has the disease.
A test with high PPV has very few FP compared to TP. Thus, a positive test strongly suggests the presence of the disease
10
Q
Negative predictive value definition
A
The probability that a negative test result indicates that the animal does not have the disease.
A test with high NPV has very few FN compared to TN. Thus, a negative test result strongly suggests the absence of the disease
11
Q
AML M0
A
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with minimal differentiation, granulocyte cell type
12
Q
AML M1
A
Acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation, granulocyte cell type
13
Q
AML M2
A
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation, granulocyte cell type
14
Q
AML M3
A
Acute promyelocytic leukemia, granulocyte cell type
15
Q
AML M4
A
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia, granulocyte and monocyte cell types
16
Q
AML M5
A
Acute monocytic leukemia, monocyte cell type
17
Q
AML M6
A
Acute erythroleukemia
cell types: erythrocyte, nonlymphoid leukocyte, megakaryocyte
18
Q
AML M6-Er
A
Acute erythroleukemia with erythroid predominance
cell types: erythrocyte, nonlymphoid leukocyte, megakaryocyte
19
Q
AML M7
A
Megakaryoblastic leukemia
20
Q
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with minimal differentiation
A
AML M0
21
Q
Acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation
A
AML M1
22
Q
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
A
AML M2
23
Q
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
A
AML M3
24
Q
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia
A
AML M4
25
Acute monocytic leukemia
AML M5
26
Acute erythroleukemia
AML M6
27
Acute erythroleukemia with erythroid predominance
AML M6-Er
28
Megakaryoblastic leukemia
AML M7
29
Expected cytochemical staining of neutrophils in dogs and cats
```
Peroxidase (+)
Sudan black B (+)
CAE (chloroacetate esterase) (+)
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (+)(immature)
NBE (α-naphthyl butyrate esterase) (-)
```
30
Expected cytochemical staining of lymphocytes in dogs and cats
Peroxidase (-)
Sudan black B (-)
CAE (chloroacetate esterase) (-)
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (-)--+ reported
NBE (α-naphthyl butyrate esterase) (-/focal +)
31
Expected cytochemical staining of monocytes in dogs and cats
Peroxidase (+/-)
Sudan black B (+/-)
CAE (chloroacetate esterase) (-)
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (-/ immature +)
NBE (α-naphthyl butyrate esterase) (+-diffuse)
32
Expected cytochemical staining of eosinophils in dogs and cats
```
DOGS
Peroxidase (+)
Sudan black B (+)
CAE (chloroacetate esterase) (-)
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (+/-)
NBE (α-naphthyl butyrate esterase) (-)
```
```
CATS
Peroxidase (-)
Sudan black B (-)
CAE (chloroacetate esterase) (-)
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (+/-)
NBE (α-naphthyl butyrate esterase) (-)
```
33
Expected cytochemical staining of basophils in dogs and cats
```
Peroxidase (-)
Sudan black B (-)
CAE (chloroacetate esterase) (+)
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (+/-)
NBE (α-naphthyl butyrate esterase) (-)
```
34
Expected cytochemical staining of megakaryocytes in dogs and cats
```
Peroxidase (-)
Sudan black B (-)
CAE (chloroacetate esterase) (+/-)
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (-)
NBE (α-naphthyl butyrate esterase) (+/-)
```
35
CD1 function
antigen-presenting molecules
36
CD3 function
part of the TCR complex
37
CD4 function
protein that associates with TCR
38
CD8 function
dimeric protein associated with TCR
39
CD11 function
α-subunit of the leukocyte adhesion molecule family of β2-integrins
40
CD18 function
β2-subunit of the leukocyte adhesion molecule family of β2-integrins
41
CD21 function
complement receptor (CR2) associated with the B-cell receptor complex
42
CD34 function
surface glycoprotein that binds selectins
43
CD41 function
α2-integrin (GPIIb) of the fibrinogen receptor
44
CD45 function
membrane tyrosine phosphatase
45
CD61 function
β3-integrin (GPIIIa) of the fibrinogen receptor complex
46
CD79a function
Part of the B-cell receptor complex
47
Calprotectin (MAC387) function
cytoplasmic calcium binding protein
48
MPO function
myeloperoxidase
49
vWf function
von willebrand factor
50
CD1 in dogs
cortical thymocytes, dendritic cells; CD1c is expressed on some monocytes and B-lymphocytes
useful to detect dendritic APCs; not expressed by mature T-lymphocytes
51
CD3 in dogs
Mature T-lymphocytes, activated NK lymphocytes (cytoplasm)
Useful to identify T-lymphocyte leukemia/lymphoma; αβ- and γδ- T-lymphocytes not differentiated
52
CD4 in dogs
MHC class II-restricted T-helper cells, neutrophils
Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells can express when activated
53
CD8 in dogs
MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (usually CD8αβ heterodimer)
A subset of NK-lymphocytes may express CD8αα homodimer
54
CD11a in dogs
all leukocytes
useful as a panleukocyte marker
55
CD11b in dogs
granulocytes, monocytes, some macrophages
Useful as a marker of nonlymphoid leukocytes
56
CD11c in dogs
granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic APCs
Useful to recognize histiocytic neoplasms of APCs
57
CD11d in dogs
macrophages and T-lymphocytes in splenic red pulp, granular lymphocytes including NK-lymphocytes
Useful to recognized hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma
58
CD18 in dogs
all leukocytes but less expression in lymphocytes
Useful to confirm hemic origin of round cells in tissue; deficient in Irish Setters with LAD
59
CD21 in dogs
mature B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells of germinal centers
useful to identify B-cell lymphoma/leukemia
60
CD34 in dogs
Lympho-hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells
helps differentiate ALL from lymphoma; CLL, lymphoma, myeloma cells are negative
61
CD41 in dogs
megakaryocytes and platelets
by flow cytometry, cells may appear positive because of adherent platelets
62
CD45 in dogs
all hemic cells but erythroid cells; cells express different isoforms
CD45RA isoform detected in fixed tissue but not expressed on all leukocytes (some T-lymphocytes)
63
CD61 in dogs
megakaryocytes, platelets; other cells include endothelial cells
By flow cytometry, cells may appear positive because of adherent platelets
64
CD79a in dogs
B-lymphocytes, plasma cells; megakaryocytes also positive
useful for B-cell leukemia/lymphoma
65
Calprotectin (MAC387) in dogs
neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
also expressed by some nonhemic cells (epithelial)
66
MPO in dogs
granulocytic and monocytic cells
Helpful for identifying AML (nonlymphoid leukocytes)
67
vWf in dogs
megakaryocytes, platelets
intracytoplasmic location, relatively low levels in dogs
68
SPE: What composes the α1 fraction?
α1-lipoprotein, α1-antitrypsin, α1-antichymotrypsin
69
SPE: What composes the α2 fraction?
α2 macroglobulin, haptoglobins
70
SPE: What composes the β1 fraction?
transferrin
71
SPE: What composes the β2 fraction?
β-lipoprotein, complement (C3a), IgM and IgA
72
SPE: What composes the γ fraction?
IgG, C-reactive protein
73
SPE: function of pre-albumin
Not recognized in routine SPE of animal sera; includes thyroxine-binding albumin and retinol-binding protein
74
SPE: function of albumin
major contributor to oncotic pressure; transports Ca, Mg, unconjugated bilirubin, fatty acids, thyroxine, and many other substances
Negative APP
75
SPE: function of α1-lipoprotein
transports lipids (especially cholesterol); also called HDL; relatively very low concentrations in domestic mammals when compared to people
76
SPE: function of α1-antitrypsin
inactivates proteases, including trypsin, and thus is an anti-inflammatory protein
Positive APP
77
SPE: function of α1-antichymotrypsin
inactivates proteases, including chymotrypsin, and thus is an anti-inflammatory protein
Positive APP
78
SPE: function of α2-macroglobulin
inactivates proteases and thus is an anti-inflammatory protein
Positive APP
79
SPE: function of haptoglobins
bind and transport free hemoglobin
Positive APP
80
SPE: function of transferrin
binds and transports iron; measured as TIBC in chemical assays
Negative APP
81
SPE: function of β-lipoprotein
transports lipids (cholesterol and triglyceride); also called LDL
82
SPE: function of complement (C3a)
promotes inflammation; chemotactic substance
Positive APP
83
SPE: function of IgM and IgA
bind to specific antigens; concentrations are too low in health to be seen via routine SPE
84
SPE: function of IgG
binds to specific antigens; many different isotypes and idiotypes of IgG give a broad and usually indistinct gamma region
85
SPE: function of C-reactive protein
positive acute phase protein; rarely seen in mammalian sera via routine SPE
86
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in chronic renal failure
solute diuresis, ↓ tubular response to ADH, ↓ medullary tonicity
87
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in acute renal failure
↓ tubular response to ADH
Initially, there may be oliguria. If the animal survives the acute illness, the surviving but damaged tubules may not be able to response to ADH adequately
88
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in postobstructive diuresis
solute diuresis, ↓ tubular response to ADH
Initially, there may be oliguria. If the animal survives the acute illness, the surviving but damaged tubules may not be able to response to ADH adequately
89
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in diabetes mellitus
solute diuresis
persistent diuresis may decrease medullary tonicity because of decreased tubular resorption of solutes
90
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in hypercalcemia
↓ tubular response to ADH
persistent diuresis may decrease medullary tonicity because of decreased tubular resorption of solutes
91
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in canine pyometra
↓ tubular response to ADH
persistent diuresis may decrease medullary tonicity because of decreased tubular resorption of solutes
92
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in hypokalemia
↓ tubular response to ADH
persistent diuresis may decrease medullary tonicity because of decreased tubular resorption of solutes
93
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in hypoadrenocorticism
↓ medullary tonicity (persistent hyponatremia and hypochloremia may result in loop of Henle failure)
+/- ↓ADH: hypoosmolality would decrease the stimulus for ADH release, but concurrent hypovolemia would stimulate ADH release
94
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in liver failure
↓ medullary tonicity
Increased NH4+ concentration may interfere with tubular response to ADH
95
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in central diabetes insipidus
↓ ADH
persistent diuresis may decrease medullary tonicity because of decreased tubular resorption of solutes
96
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in hyperadrenocorticism
↓ ADH
persistent diuresis may decrease medullary tonicity because of decreased tubular resorption of solutes
97
Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria in psychogenic polydipsia
↓ ADH (increased GFR may also contribute)
persistent diuresis may decrease medullary tonicity because of decreased tubular resorption of solutes
98
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Dehydrated, USG >1.030
Reflects renal attempts to conserve H2O appropriately
99
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Dehydrated, USG 1.014 - 1.030
Suggests impaired renal concentrating ability and possibly renal failure; could be seen with glucosuria, hyponatremia/hypochloremia, partial renal diabetes insipidus disorders, hypoadrenocorticism
100
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Dehydrated, USG 1.007 - 1.013
Strongly indicates defective renal concentrating ability; if azotemic, then renal insufficiency or failure until proven otherwise
101
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Dehydrated, USG <1.007
strongly indicates defective renal concentrating ability but not due to renal failure, as kidneys have ability to dilute ultrafiltrate; consider central or renal diabetes insipidus disorders
102
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Polyuria, USG >1.020
Reflects renal attempts to conserve H2O and thus not in renal insufficiency/failure; could be seen with glucosuria, hyponatremia/hypochloremia, partial central or renal diabetes insipidus disorders
103
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Polyuria, USG 1.007 - 1.013
strongly indicates defective renal concentrating ability; if azotemic, then renal insufficiency or failure until proven otherwise
104
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Polyuria, USG <1.007
strongly indicates defective renal concentrating ability but not due to renal failure, as kidneys have ability to dilute ultrafiltrate; consider central or renal diabetes insipidus disorders
105
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Oliguria, USG >1.030
Reflects renal attempts to conserve H2O appropriately
106
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Oliguria, USG 1.014 - 1.030
Uncommon, suspect acute renal failure
107
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Oliguria, USG 1.007 - 1.013
typical for oliguric renal failure; acute or chronic
108
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Glucosuria, USG >1.020
Reflects renal concentrating ability but may be partially impaired by solute diuresis or decreased medullary hypertonicity (medullary washout)
USG may be falsely increased 0.004 - 0.005 for every 1 g/dL of glucose in urine
109
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Glucosuria, USG 1.007 - 1.020
May reflect impaired concentrating ability caused by solute diuresis or medullary washout but could have concurrent renal insufficiency/failure
110
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Hyponatremia and hypochloremia, USG >1.020
Relfects renal concentrating ability but may be impaired by loop of Henle failure as may occur with hypoadrenocorticism
111
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Hyponatremia and hypochloremia, USG 1.007 - 1.013
May reflect greater impairment of concentrating ability because of the loop of Henle failure but also must consider renal insufficiency/failure
112
Guidelines for interpretation of USG in a dog:
| Hyponatremia and hypochloremia, USG <1.007
Reflect renal diluting ability and thus not renal insufficiency/failure; defective ADH secretion probably present
