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Stockham and Scott > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

3 major marrow neutrophil pools

A

self-renewal stem cells (CFU-G), mitotic pool, post-mitotic or maturation pool

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2
Q

The marrow neutrophil mitotic pool contains…

A

myeloblasts, progranulocytes, myelocytes

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3
Q

The marrow neutrophil post-mitotic pool contains…

A

metamyelocytes, bands, segs

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4
Q

Five cytokines that stimulate CFU-G to differentiate into the neutrophilic cell line and enter the mitotic pool

A

IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, G-CSF

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5
Q

Time neutrophils spend in the postmitotic/maturation pool in healthy mammals

A

~3 days/2-3 days

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6
Q

Neutrophil-releasing factors (from bone marrow)

A

Chemoattractants: C5a, IL-8, f-MLP, LTB4, PAF

Cytokine leukocytosis factors: IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, TNFβ, G-CSF, GM-CSF

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7
Q

Half-life of blood neutrophils in health (before they enter tissues)

A

5-10 hours

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8
Q

marginating neutrophil pool definition and location

A

Neutrophils that temporarily adhere to endothelial cells, MNP is located primarily in small capillaries and veins in which neutrophils have the most opportunity to contact endothelial cells. After adhesion, neutrophils may break looks and reenter the CNP or migrate into tissues

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9
Q

Inflammatory cytokines: identity, location, and action–that mediate neutrophil migration and rolling

A

Includes IL-1 and TNF from macrophages and IFNγ from lymphocytes, stimulate endothelial cells to produce and express selectins (adhesion proteins)

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10
Q

What mediates the process of neutrophil migration into tissues?

A

Endogenous chemical mediators, including LTB4 and PAF, activate neutrophils, leading to expression of high-affinity membrane integrins, which bind to endothelial cell receptors that mediate the process of migration into tissues

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11
Q

MNP:CNP ratio

A

In most mammals: near 1

In cats: 3

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12
Q

Chemotactic substances that promote neutrophil migration to specific sites

A

C5a, IL-8, LTB4, PAF

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13
Q

Where do most mammal neutrophils die in the absence of disease?

A

respiratory and alimentary tissues

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14
Q

Most lymphocytes in blood are…

A

T lymphocytes

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15
Q

Lymphocyte life span

A

varies from hours to years

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16
Q

eosinopoiesis is stimulated by…

A

IL-5 and GM-CSF from mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes

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17
Q

Eosinophil properties

A

Eosinophils have phagocytic and bactericidal properties, inactivate mediators from mast cells, attack larval and adult stages of a few parasites

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18
Q

Basophil production and differentiation is controlled by

A

IL-3 and other cytokines

19
Q

Basophil emigration to tissues is promoted by

A

IL-1, TNFα, endotoxin

20
Q

Basophils are activated by

A

IL-3 and IgE binding

21
Q

Neutrophilic staining properties

A

neither alkaline or acidic loving

22
Q

Eosinophilis staining properties

A

loves eosin (acidic) dye; red to orange

23
Q

Basophilic staining properties

A

loves basic (alkaline and azure) dyes; blue to purple

24
Q

Azurophilic staining properties

A

loves azure dye; blue to purple to reddish purple to pink depending on substance’s pH

25
Q

How to obtain leukocyte concentration with a hemocytometer

A

leukocytes are counted within the nine large squares, multiply by 1.1 to calculate a concentration in the diluted blood, then multiply by the dilution factor (e.g. 100). Do this for both chambers, and use the mean of the two

26
Q

Corrected WBC equation

A

corrected WBC = measured WBC x (100/100+nRBC(per 100WBC))

27
Q

How do glucocorticoids cause a right shift?

A

decrease emigration of neutrophils to tissue by down-regulating adhesion molecules

28
Q

Causes of hypersegmented neutrophils

A

endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids, poodle marrow dyscrasia, FeLV-associated myelodyscrasia, equine idiopathoic hypersegmentation, vit B12 deficiency in giant schnauzers with an inherited malabsorption syndrome, folate deficiency in a cat, occasionally chronic inflammatory disease, in vitro aging due to delayed analysis

29
Q

Canine neoplasms associated with extreme neutrophilic leukocytoses

A

rectal adenomatous polyp, renal tubular carcinoma, metastatic fibrosarcoma

30
Q

non-neoplastic causes of extreme neutrophilic leukocytosis

A

leukocyte adhesion deficiency in dogs and cattle, G-CSF administration, extrogen toxicosis

31
Q

E. canis

A

Dogs, monocytes and lymphocytes

32
Q

E. ewingii

A

Dogs and people, neutrophils, eos, vary rarely monocytes

33
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

horses, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats

Neutrophils, eosinophils

34
Q

Neorickettsia risticii

A

i.e. equine monocytic ehrlichiosis and Potomac horse fever
Horses, dogs, cats
Monocytes–very rare to find morulae

35
Q

Hepatozoon americanum gametocytes

A

oval to elliptical, pale blue, ~9x4 µm. May fill a cell’s cytoplasm and cause peripheral displacement of the nucleus. The organism may escape from the cell and leave a nonstaining area surrounded by a capsule

36
Q

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

A

blue-smoke Persian cats, Hereford cattle, other nondomestic mammals, people. Large specific granules in cytoplasm of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Abnormal granules reflect fusion of granules (lysosomes)

37
Q

GM1 gangliosidosis

A

Friesian cattle, Siamese and Korat cats, English springer spaniels, mixed-breed beagles, Portuguese water dogs, Shiba Inus, caused by deficiency of β-galactosidase. Small, distinct, clear cytoplasmic vacuoles in lymphocytes in Wright’s stained blood films

38
Q

GM2 gangliosidosis

A

Yorkshire pigs, German shorthaired pointers, golden retrievers, cats. Deficiency of β-hexosaminidase. Dark blue granules in neutrophils and prominent azurophilic granulation or vacuolization in lymphocytes

39
Q

Birman cat anomaly

A

prominent fine eosinophilic granulation in neutrophil cytoplasm, must be differentiated from toxic granules and inclusions of MPS type VI. Ultrastructural morphologic features of granules are normal

40
Q

MPS type I

A

domestic cats, dogs, people. Deficiency of α-L-iduronidase. Feline neutrophils may have abnormal small pink granules

41
Q

MPS type IIIB

A

schipperkes, deficiency of lysosomal glycosidase N-acetyl-α-D-glucoasminidase. Blood lymphocytes and marrow macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells have abnormal dark-staining granulation

42
Q

MPS type VI

A

Siamese cats, DSH cats, dachshunds. Deficiency of arylsulfatase B. Presence of large reddish purple granules in neutrophils that should not be confused with toxic granules; represent an accumulation of mucopolysaccharide

43
Q

MPS type VII

A

deficiency of β-glucuronidase. Neutrophils have inclusions like with type VI: large reddish purple granules

44
Q

Fucosidosis

A

deficiency of α-L-fucosidase, an enzyme in glycoprotein metabolism. Lymphocytes of dogs with fucosidosis of cytoplasmic vacuoles

Stockham and Scott (9 decks)

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