Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Parts > Thyroid & Parathryoid > Flashcards

Thyroid & Parathryoid Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A
  • anterior neck lateral to trachea
  • inferior to thyroid cartilage
  • medial to IJV and CCA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the parts of the thyroid?

A

Right and left lobes and isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What anatomical variants of the thyroid gland are there?

A

Pyramidal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a pyramidal lobe? How often does it occur?

A

A superior sliver of thyroid tissue arising from the isthmus, “3rd lobe”
Occurs in up to 30% of pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of cells compose the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular and parafollicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What size is the normal thyroid? (Length, AP, width)

A

Length: adult 4-6 cm, ped 2-3 cm
AP: adult 2-3 cm, ped 1.2-1.5 cm
Width: adult 1.5-2cm, ped 1-1.5 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is considered an enlarged thyroid?

A

Isthmus > 1 cm
AP > 2 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What muscles are anterior to the thyroid?

A
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • omohyoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What muscle is anterolateral to the thyroid?

A

Sternocleidomastoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What vessels are lateral to the thyroid?

A

Common carotid artery and internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structure is posterior to the thyroid?

A

Parathyroid glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What muscle is posterolateral to the thyroid?

A

Longus colli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What structures are medial to the thyroid?

A

Trachea and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What supplies the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid artery: branch of ECA, descends to supply superior portion of thyroid
Inferior thyroid artery: branch of thyrocervical trunk, ascends to supply inferior portion of thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What drains the thyroid?

A
  1. Superior thyroid vein: drains into IJV
  2. Middle thyroid vein: drains into IJV
  3. Inferior thyroid vein: drains into left brachiocephalic vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 3 hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4): metabolic rate
  2. Triiothyronine (T3): metabolic rate
  3. Calcitonin: calcium metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone: controlled by pituitary gland
Controls hormone secretion from thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone: controlled by hypothalamus
Regulates secretion of TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do thyroid follicular cells do?

A

They are the only cells that absorb iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are thyroid hormones produced?

A

Through iodine metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the process that occurs for thyroid hormones to be secreted?

A
  • low thyroid hormones
  • drop in basal metabolic rate
  • increase in thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • increase in secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone
  • increase in thyroid hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does TSH stop being released?

A

When thyroid hormones return to normal and basal metabolic rate is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What lab values are we looking at?

A
  • thyroxine
  • triiodothyronine
  • TSH
  • calcitonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What nuclear medicine tests are used for the thyroid?

A

Scintigraphy: iodine uptake scan and thyroid scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of the normal thyroid?

A
  • homogenous
  • mid level echogenicity
  • echogenic compared to surrounding musculature
  • symmetric lobe size/appearance
  • symmetric vascularity throughout
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What indicates the need for a thyroid ultrasound?

A
  • abnormal lab values
  • weight control complications
  • palpable lump
  • swelling/asymmetry
  • dysphagia
  • family history of thyroid disease/cancer
  • post thyroidectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How are measurements taken for the thyroid?

A

Length and AP in sag, width in trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

A
  • low iodine intake
  • thyroid hormone failure
  • pituitary or hypothalamus disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • weight gain
  • constipation
  • brain fog
  • cold intolerance
  • increased tissue around eyes
  • lethargy
  • deep husky voice if untreated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of hypothyroidism?

A
  • goiter in initial stages
  • diffuse nodularity
  • over time, thyroid will atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism?

A
  • abnormal hormone secretion
  • localized mass causing overproduction of hormones
  • Grave’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • homogenous, often heterogenous due to enlargement and nodules
  • hypoechoic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • rapid increase in metabolic rate & weight loss
  • increased appetite
  • nervousness
  • tremors
  • sweating
  • palpitations
  • exophthalmos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Grave’s disease also called?

A

Thyrotoxicosis, thyrotoxic crisis, thyroid storm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who does Grave’s disease most commonly occur in?

A

Women over 30

37
Q

What does Grave’s disease cause production of?

A

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobin

38
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of Grave’s disease?

A
  • hypoechoic
  • enlarged
  • homogenous, but can be heterogenous due to enlargment/nodules
  • hypervascular
39
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Grave’s disease?

A
  • goiter
  • opthalmopathy
  • tachycardia
  • tremors
  • muscle weakness
  • weight loss
40
Q

What causes thyroiditis?

A

Infection or autoimmune abnormality

41
Q

What are clinical symptoms of thyroiditis?

A
  • swelling/tenderness of thyroid
  • chronic: hypothyroidism due to loss of functional tissue over time
42
Q

What is De Quervain’s thyroiditis?

A
  • AKA subacute thyroiditis
  • viral inflammatory disorder
  • causes focal or diffuse enlargement
43
Q

How can thyroiditis be distinguised from De Quervain’s thyroiditis?

A

Thyroiditis causes hypervascularity and De Quervain’s appears with normal or decreased vascularity

44
Q

What are the symptoms of De Quervain’s?

A
  • fever
  • neck pain
  • fatigue
  • tenderness
  • dysphagia
45
Q

What is the most common form of thyroiditis?

A

Hashimoto’s disease

46
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease and who does it affect?

A
  • autoimmune disorder causing chronic inflammation of the thyroid
  • affects young/middle aged women
47
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Hashimoto’s disease?

A
  • diffuse enlargement/asymmetric
  • painless/mild pain
  • chronic: hypothyroidism
48
Q

What is nontoxic multinodular goiter?

A
  • AKA MNG
  • diffuse thyroid enlargement not caused by neoplasm or infection
  • cannot provide adequate supply of thyroid hormone due to nodules
  • can be caused by iodine shortage or gland malfunction
  • unknown/nonspecific reason
49
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of NTMNG?

A
  • goiter
  • hypothyroidism
  • difficulty breathing/swallowing due to goiter compressing trachea, esophagus, vessels
50
Q

What is toxic multinodular goiter?

A
  • hyperplasia of the thyroid, associated primarily with hyperthyroidism
51
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of TMNG?

A
  • abnormal TSH
  • hyper/hypo thyroidism
  • more often increased hormone levels (hyper)
52
Q

What is a colloid cyst?

A
  • benign fluid-filled sac within thyroid tissue
  • dilation of follicular tissue
  • commonly has central echogenic foci with “comet tail” underneath
  • typically small but can grow
53
Q

What are thyroid nodules?

A
  • clusters of tissue accumulating into a “ball”
  • cause variable gland enlargement
54
Q

What cause thyroid nodules?

A
  • thyroiditis (ill-defined), tissue is walled off after infection
  • neoplasm (benign or malignant accumulation of tissue)
  • nodular hyperplasia
  • Hashimoto’s (micronodules)
55
Q

What is a cystic nodule?

A
  • less common finding
  • related to degeneration of an adenoma
  • adenoma can degenerate over time and be replaced with cystic fluid
  • can have mixed solid and cystic components due to remaining adenoma tissue
56
Q

What is a follicular neoplasm?

A
  • benign but can be precancerous
  • proliferation of functional follicular cells
57
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct cyst?

A
  • congenital anomaly
  • midline and anterior to trachea
58
Q

What are clinical symptoms of thyroglossal duct cyst?

A
  • palpable, midline mass
  • pain associated with hemorrhage or infection
59
Q

What is a branchial cleft cyst?

A
  • remnant of embryonic development
  • seen lateral to thyroid
60
Q

What are clinical symptoms of BCC?

A
  • asymptomatic but will become palpable as it grows
61
Q

What is a cystic hygroma?

A
  • congenital lymphatic malformation
  • posterolateral on neck
  • fetuses can develop
62
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of cystic hygroma?

A
  • webbed neck
  • palpable, soft mass
63
Q

What is papillary carcinoma?

A
  • most common thyroid cancer
  • least aggressive, best prognosis
  • major route of mets is via regional lymph channels (cervical lymph nodes)
64
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of papillary carcinoma?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • palpable lump
65
Q

What are microcalcifications AKA?

A

psammoma bodies

66
Q

What is follicular carcinoma?

A
  • more aggressive than papillary carcinoma
  • 2nd most common
  • spreads through bloodstream & metastasizes to bone, brain, lung, liver, not to cervical lymph nodes
67
Q

Who is follicular carcinoma typically seen in?

A

Older females

68
Q

What is medullary carcinoma?

A
  • less common thyroid malignancy, 10%
  • originates from parafollicular cells which secrete calcitonin
69
Q

What are the clinical signs of medullary carcinoma?

A
  • hard palpable nodule
  • abnormal serum calcitonin levels
70
Q

What is anaplastic carcinoma?

A
  • rare, less than 10% of thyroid cancers
  • most deadly
  • affects patients over 50
71
Q

What are the clinical signs of anaplastic carcinoma?

A
  • hard, fixed mass
  • rapid growth
  • pain, pressure, tenderness
  • locally invasive
72
Q

What is the cause of death for many patients with anaplastic carcinoma?

A

asphyxiation due to rapid growth of mass compressing trachea

73
Q

Lymphoma within the thyroid

A
  • primarily non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma within the thyroid
  • occurs mainly in older females
  • 4% of thyroid cancers
74
Q

What are the clinical signs of/risks for thyroid lymphoma?

A
  • rapid growth of neck mass
  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a risk factor for developing lymphoma originating in the thyroid
75
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • increased function of parathyroids
  • increased amounts of PTH are produced by an adenoma, carcinoma, or primary hyperplastic parathyroid gland
  • 3 times more common in women, especially after menopause
76
Q

What are the clinical signs of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • hypercalcemia
  • hypercaluria
77
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • enlarged, hypoechoic glands
78
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • occurs with chronic renal failure patients
  • the inability to synthesize vitamin D decreases serum calcium level
  • may affect all 4 PT glands
79
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • enlarged, hypoechoic glands
80
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

81
Q

What is parathyroid carcinoma?

A
  • Small percentage of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism will have PTC
  • malignant neoplasm
  • hard to differentiate between PTC and PT adenoma, diagnosed by surgical excision
82
Q

What criteria does TIRADS grade based on?

A
  • comp
  • echo
  • shape
  • margins
  • echo foci
  • sig change in size
  • change in feature
  • change in ACR risk cat
83
Q

What is the most common form of thyroiditis?

A

Hashimoto’s disease

84
Q

What structure is located to the left of midline and often mistaken for a thyroid lesion?

A

Esophagus

85
Q

Which parathyroid pathology is associated with patients who have chronic renal failure?

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

86
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

Endocrine organ posterior to thyroid gland, 2 pairs of oval glands

87
Q

What is the normal size of PT glands?

A

5 x 3 x 1 mm

88
Q

What do PT glands do?

A

Maintain proper levels of calcium ions in blood

89
Q

What is parathormone?

A

Hormone produced by PT glands when calcium is low, triggers glands to produce more calcium

Small Parts (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions