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Endocrinology > Thyroid gland > Flashcards

Thyroid gland Flashcards

1
Q

The capsule that surround the thyroid gland is made up of which type of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid follicles

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3
Q

The thyroid gland develops from which embryological layer?

A

Endoderm

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4
Q

What is the gel-like mass inside the follicles called?

A

Colloid

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5
Q

What are the two cell types of the thyroid parenchyma?

A

Follicular cells (principal cells) and parafollicular cells (C cells)

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6
Q

What do the follicular cells secrete?

A

T3 and T4

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7
Q

What do the parafollicular cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

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8
Q

Which cells line the thyroid follicles?

A

Follicular cells (principal cells)

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9
Q

Which cells lie within the follicle basal lamina?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

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10
Q

Which cells secrete T3 and T4?

A

Follicular cells

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11
Q

Which cells secrete calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells

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12
Q

C cells occur as solitary cells or small clusters of cells. T/F

A

T

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13
Q

Thyroxine is tetraiodothyronine. T/F

A

T

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14
Q

T3 is triiodothyronine. T/F

A

T

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15
Q

The secretion of thyroid hormones is stimulated by which hormone?

A

TSH

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16
Q

Calcitonin is a physiologic antagonist to which hormone?

A

PTH

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17
Q

Calcitonin (increases/decreases) the resorptive action of osteoclasts.

A

decreases

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18
Q

Calcitonin (promotes/inhibits) calcium deposition in bones.

A

promotes

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19
Q

(High/low) levels of calcium stimulate secretion of calcitonin.

A

High

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20
Q

Secretion of calcitonin is unaffected by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. T/F

A

T

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21
Q

Low levels of calcium (inhibits/stimulates) secretion of calcitonin.

A

Inhibit

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22
Q

No clinical disease has been associated with the deficiency of calcitonin, or even its absence after total thyroidectomy. T/F

A

T

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23
Q

What is the principal component of colloid?

A

Thyroglobulin

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24
Q

Where is colloid found?

A

Inside the thyroid follicle

25
Q

Thyroglobulin contains 120 residues of which amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

26
Q

Thyroglobulin is a hormone. T/F

A

F

It is an inactive storage for of the thyroid hormones.

27
Q

Thyroid is unique among endocrine glands because it stored large amounts of its secretory product intracellularly. T/F

A

F

Extracellularly

28
Q

The synthesis of T4 and T3 occur in which structure of the thyroid glands?

A

Follicle

29
Q

Iodide is transported from the blood to the cytoplasm makes use of: active or passive transport?

A

Active

30
Q

Which protein transports iodide from the blood into the cytoplasm?

A

Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)

31
Q

NIS makes use of: primary or secondary transport?

A

Secondary

32
Q

Which is the active form: iodine or iodide?

A

Iodine

33
Q

T4 is primarily a preprohormone. T/F

A

F

It is a prohormone.

34
Q

Which is active: T4 or T3?

A

T3

35
Q

What is the primary product of the thyroid gland: T3 or T4?

A

T4

36
Q

Arrange according to the ascending order of the amount produced by the thyroid gland: T3, rT3, T4

A

rT3 < T3 < T4

37
Q

Most of the conversion of T4 to T3 by type 1 deiodinases occurs in tissues with high blood flow, and rapid exchanges with plasma, such as the liver, kidneys, and skeletal muscle. T/F

A

T

38
Q

Type 1 deiodinase occurs in the brain. T/F

A

F

It occurs in tissues with high blood flow, and rapid exchanges with plasma, such as the liver, kidneys, and skeletal muscle. The brain has type 2.

39
Q

Which deiodinase is “inactivating”?

A

type 3

40
Q

Which forms of thyroid do type 3 deiodinases convert to which type?

A

It converts T4 to rT3

41
Q

Synthesis of thyroid hormone require which two precursors?

A

Iodide and thyroglobulin

42
Q

Synthesis involves apical to basal movement of precursors in to the follicular lumen. T/F

A

F

It involves basal to apical movement. Secretion involves apical to basal movement.

43
Q

In patients with iodine deficiency, what would be the expected thyroid iodine uptake?

A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Unchanged

A

A

44
Q

Manifestations of iodine deficiency include the following EXCEPT:

A. Fetal loss
B. Accelerated bone growth
C. Presence of a goiter
D. Mental retardation

A

B

45
Q

Which of the following hormones is responsible for iodine oxidation after trapping?

A. Monoiodinase
B. Aromatase
C. Perioxidase
D. 5’-alpha reductase

A

C

46
Q

The following are direct and indirect effects of thyroxine EXCEPT

A. Increased cardiac contractility
B. Increased heart rate
C. Increased peripheral vascular
D. Decreased diastolic blood pressure resistance

A

C

47
Q

You wanted to lose weight so you decided to take thyroxine pills. You indeed lost 5 pounds! What would
be the expected complications however if you decided
to continue this weight loss regimen for 5 years?

A. Cardiac arrhythmias
B. Osteoporosis
C. Infertility
D. All of the above

A

D

48
Q

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about reverse T3?

A. It has a calorigenic potential 1⁄2 that of T3
B. It results from the deiodination of T4 by 5’ aromatase
C. It is secreted in greater proportions during stress and overwhelming infection
D. All of the above statements are true

A

C

49
Q

All of the following are effects of hyperthyroidism EXCEPT:

A. Palpitations
B. Thin skin
C. Heat intolerance
D. Weight gain

A

D

50
Q

Which of the following statements is/are true about thyroid binding globulins?

A. It serves as a reservoir of thyroid hormone
B. Binding to it results in increase in urine clearance of the hormone
C. It is increased in cases of chronic liver and kidney disease
D. All of the above

A

A

51
Q

Which of the ff hormones is/are produced tia significant degree by peripheral conversion?

a. T3
b. angiotensin II
c. 2,25 Vitamin D
d. aota

A

A

52
Q

Conditions that increase NIS gene expression include:

a. iodine deficiency
b. hypothyroidism
c. TSH secreting tumor
d. AOTA

A

D

53
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone on CVS include the ff EXCEPT:

a. increased peripheral vascular resistance
b. dilation of resistance arterioles
c. decreased cardiac contraction
d. aota

A

A

54
Q

Which of the ff decrease TSH secretion?

a. iodine deficiency
b. high t3 and t4
c. leptin
d. aota

A

B

55
Q

Which of the following are thyroid hormone transport proteins?

A. Thyretin
B. Thyroid-binding globulin
C. Albumin
D. All of the above

A

D

56
Q

Release of T3 and T4 into the bloodstream requires binding of thryoglobulin to which receptor?

A

Megalin

57
Q

What is the major binding protein in the transport of thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroid-binding protein (TBG)

58
Q

T3 (increases/decreases) cardiac output.

A

Increases

59
Q

Thyroid hormones (increase/decrease) the basal rate of oxygen consumption and heat production.

A

Increase

Endocrinology (6 decks)

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