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Endocrinology > Adrenal gland > Flashcards

Adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

Which types of hormones does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Steroid hormones and catecholamines

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2
Q

The secretory parenchyma of the adrenal gland is organized into which regions?

A

Cortex and medulla

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3
Q

Which type of hormones does the cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormones

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4
Q

Which type of hormones does the medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines

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5
Q

The cortical cells of the adrenal gland originate from which embyologic structure?

A

Mesodermal mesesnchyme

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6
Q

The medulla originates from which embryologic structure?

A

Neural crest

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7
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines?

A

Medulla

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8
Q

Which region of the adrenal glands secretes steroid hormones?

A

Cortex

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9
Q

90% of the adrenal gland is the: cortex or medulla?

A

Cortex

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10
Q

The capsule of the adrenal gland is made up of which tissue type?

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

The adrenal glands are supplied with blood by which arteries?

A

Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries

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12
Q

Which vessels supply the adrenal capsule with blood?

A

Capsular capillaries

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13
Q

Which vessels supply the cortex then drain into the fenestrated medullary capillary sinusoid?

A

Fenestrated cortical sinusoidal capillaries

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14
Q

Which vessels traverse the cortex, travelling within the trabeculae, and bring arterial blood to the medullary capillary sinusoids?

A

Medullary arterioles

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15
Q

What modified neurons make up the medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

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16
Q

Chromaffin cells are like postsynaptic neurons that lack axonal processes. T/F

A

T

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17
Q

What causes the morphological specialization of chromaffin cells?

A

Glucocorticoiud secreted by the adrenal cortex inhibit the axonal formation of chromaffin cells.

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18
Q

Aside from chromaffin cells, which cells may also be seen in the adrenal medulla?

A

Ganglion cells

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19
Q

Which catecholamines does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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20
Q

A single chromaffin cell secretes both epinephrine and norepinephrine. T/F

A

F

TEM reveals two populations of chromaffin cells that secrete one but not the other.

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21
Q

Hormones of the adrenal medulla prepare the body for “fight-or-flight” response. T/F

A

T

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22
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland is divided into three zones on the basis of the arrangements of its cells?

A

Adrenal cortex

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23
Q

The adrenal cortex is divided into which zones?

A

Zona glumerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

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24
Q

Which is the outermost zone of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glumerulosa

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25
Q

Which is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona fasciculata

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26
Q

Which is the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona reticularis

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27
Q

Which zone constitutes nearly 80% of the cortical volume?

A

Zona fasciculata

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28
Q

Which zone constututes up to 15% of the cortical volume?

A

Zona glumerulosa

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29
Q

Zona reticulosa is thicker than zona glumerulosa, because of its more central location. T/F

A

T

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30
Q

Zona glumerulosa secretes mainly which hormone?

A

Aldosterone

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31
Q

Which type of steroids does the zona glumerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids

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32
Q

Which type of steroids does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids

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33
Q

Which zone has large and polyhedral cells?

A

Zona fasciculata

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34
Q

Which zone is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

Zona glumerulosa

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35
Q

Which zone is next to the medulla?

A

Zona reticularis

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36
Q

Which steroids does the innermost cortical zone secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids and androgens

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37
Q

Which cortical zone has relatively smaller cells than zona fasciculata and more deeply stained nucei?

A

Zona reticularis

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38
Q

Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla is derived from which amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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39
Q

Hydroxylation of tyrosine in chromaffin cells in the synthesis of catecholamines is by which enzyme?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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40
Q

Hydroxylation of tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase produce which intermediate?

A

Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

41
Q

DOPA is converted into which hormone by a cytoplasmic enzyme?

A

Dopamine

42
Q

Dopamine is converted into which hormone by β-hydroxylase?

A

Norepinephrnine

43
Q

Norepinephrine is converted into which intermediate before being converted to epinephrine?

A

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

44
Q

Secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine is regulated by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) signals.

A

Sympathetic

45
Q

What is the chemical signal for secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

46
Q

Cholinergic receptors on chromaffin cells: muscarinic or nicotinic?

A

Nicotinic

47
Q

ACh increases the activity of which rate-limiting enzymes to promote secretion of catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase

48
Q

Adrenergic receptors are generally classified into which groups?

A

α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptors

49
Q

β-adrenergic receptors are divided into which groups?

A

β1, β2, β3

50
Q

α-adrenergic receptors are divided into which groups?

A

α1 and α2

51
Q

During stress, cortisol

A. increases blood glucose by gluconeogenesis in liver
B. promotes breakdown of muscle proteins
C. facilitates glucose uptake in muscle and adipose
D. AOTA

A

A

52
Q

Which hormone does zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Cortisol

53
Q

Which hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

54
Q

Which hormone stimulates cortisol synthesis?

A

ACTH

55
Q

ACTH has rapid, intermediate and long term effects on the function of zona fasciculata. Which is a target for rapid effects?

A. Adrenal hypertrophy 
B. Cortisol secretion 
C. StAR activation 
D. CYP21A2 expression 
E. LDL receptor expression
A

C

56
Q

A patient is under immunosuppressive dose of glucocorticoids. At the end of his therapy, the dose of the hormone must be slowly tapered over a period of weeks. This is due to

A. Adrenal atrophy 
B. Pituitary hypertrophy 
C. Upregulation of glucocorticoid receptors 
D. Elevated ACTH levels 
E. Increased level of CRH
A

A

57
Q

Cortisol can bind to both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. In the distal nephrons, the binding of cortisol to mineraloid receptors is inhibited by:

a) Competitive inhibition of aldosterone
b) Glucoronide conjugation
c) Conversion to cortisone
d) Rapid excretion
e) Binding to heat shock chaperone protein

A

C

58
Q

A patient has been receiving immunosuppressive doses of cortisol for six months. The plasma level of ACTH is expected to be:

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change
d. any

A

b

59
Q

A decrease in ACTH levels leads to

a. decrease in cortisol levels
b. decrease in adrenomedullary epinephrine secretion
c. decrease in hepatic protein synthesis
d. AOTA

A

a

60
Q

ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete

a. cortisol
b. aldosterone
c. androgen
d. AOTA

A

d

61
Q

Which of the following hormones inhibit bone formation?

A. Androgens
B. Cortisol
C. Thyroid hormone
D. Estrogen

A

B

62
Q

Cortisol is transported in blood predominantly bound to which protein?

A

Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) or transcortin

63
Q

Cortisol is also transported in blood by binding with albumin. T/F

A

T

64
Q

How long is the circulating half-life of cortisol?

A

70 minutes

65
Q

Cortisol is reversibly inactivated by conversion to which form?

A

Cortisone

66
Q

Cortisol acts primarily through which receptor?

A

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)

67
Q

Cortisol is a stress hormones. T/F

A

T

68
Q

Cortisol (stimulates/inhibits) gluconeogenesis.

A

Stimulates

69
Q

Cortisol (increases/decreases) blood glucose.

A

Increases

70
Q

Cortisol (enhances/decreases) gene expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes PEPCK, F1,6-BP, G6Pase.

A

Enhances

71
Q

Cortisol (enhances/decreases) GLUT 4-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.

A

Decreases

72
Q

During interdigestive period/low insulin-glucose ratio, cortisol promotes glucose sparing by potentiating the effects of catecholamines on lipolysis, thereby making FFAs available as energy source. T/F

A

T

73
Q

Cortisol (increases/decreases) FFAs availability.

A

Increases

74
Q

Cortisol (promotes/inhibits) glucose sparing.

A

Promotes

75
Q

Cortisol increase (protein synthesis/proteolysis)

A

Proteolysis

76
Q

Cortisol increases the synthesis which hormone that increases RBC production?

A

Erythropoetin

77
Q

Anemia occurs when cortisol is (excessive/deficient)

A

Deficient

78
Q

Polycythemia occurs when cortisol is (excessive/deficient)

A

Excessive

79
Q

(Anemia/polycythemia) occurs when cortisol is deficient.

A

Anemia

80
Q

(Anemia/polycythemia) occurs when cortisol is excessive.

A

Polycythemia

81
Q

Cortisol, together with epinephrine and norepinephrine, (inhibits/enhances) the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and (represses/stimulates) the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

A

Inhibit, stimulates

82
Q

High cortisol levels (increase/decrease) the circulating T lymphocytes, particularly which lymphocyte?

A

Decrease helper T cells

83
Q

Cortisol (increases/decreases) the function of the reproductive axis at the hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal levels.

A

Decreases

84
Q

Glucocorticoids (increase/decrease) bone resorption.

A

Increase

85
Q

Glucocorticoids inhibit bone (resorptioin/formation).

A

Formation

86
Q

Glucocorticoids (increase/decrease) intestinal Ca absorption and renal Ca reabsorption.

A

Decrease

87
Q

Why does the skin thin and get easily damaged in the presence of excessive amounts of cortisol?

A

Because cortisol inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation.

88
Q

Cortisol is an (agonist/antagonist) of ADH.

A

Antagonist

89
Q

Cortisol (inhibits/stimulates) the renal secretion of ADH.

A

Inhibits

90
Q

Muscle weakness and pain are common symptoms of (deficient/excessive) levels of cortisol.

A

Excessive

91
Q

The absence of cortisol (decreases/increases) GI motility and GI acid and enzyme production, (degenerates/enhances) GI mucosa.

A

Decreases, degenerates

92
Q

The zona reticularis appears after birth at what age?

A

Five

93
Q

Adrenal androgens, especially DHEAS, become detectable in the circulation production at what age?

A

Six

94
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

The onset of adrenal androgen production. It contributes to the appearance of axillary and pubic hair at about the age 8.

95
Q

Which is the primary regulator of the zona reticularis?

A

ACTH

96
Q

Zona reticularis secrete which hormones?

A

Androgens

97
Q

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is regulated primarily by the renin-angiotensin system, plasma [K+] and ANP?

A

Zona glumerulosa

98
Q

Which zone does not have CYP17?

A

Zona glumerulosa

99
Q

Which zone has CYP11B2?

A

Zona glumerulosa

Endocrinology (6 decks)

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