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Endocrinology > Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functional components of the pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) and neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

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2
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from which embryological origin?

A

An evagination of the ectoderm of the oropharynx

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3
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from which embryological origin?

A

A downgrowth of neuroectoderm of the floor of the third ventricle

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the adenohypophysis?

A

Pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

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5
Q

What are the parts of the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa, infundibulum

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6
Q

Which part comprises the bulk of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Pars distalis

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7
Q

Which part of the adenohypophysis regresses and is absent in adult humans?

A

Pars intermedia

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8
Q

Which part of the adenohypophysis forms a collar or sheath around the infundibulum?

A

Pars tuberalis

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9
Q

Which part of the adenohypophysis develops from the thickened lateral walls of the pouch?

A

Pars tuberalis

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10
Q

Which part of the neurohypophysis contains neurosecretory axons and their endings?

A

Pars nervosa

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11
Q

Which part of the neurohypophyis is continuous with the median emience and contains the neurosecretory axons forming the hypothalamohypophyseal tracts?

A

Infundibulum

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12
Q

What are the two sets of vessels that supply the pituitary blood?

A

Superior hypophyseal arteries and inferior hypophyseal arteries

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13
Q

Which set of vessels supply the pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum?

A

Superior hypophyseal arteries

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14
Q

Which set of vessels supply the pars nervosa?

A

Inferior hypophyseal arteries

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15
Q

Which set of vessels that supply the pituitary gland with blood arise soley from the internal carotid arteries?

A

Inferior hypophyseal arteries

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16
Q

From which vessels of the pituitary gland does the superior hypophyseal arteries arise?

A

Internal carotid arteries and posterior communicating artery of the circle of Willis

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17
Q

From which vessels of the pituitary gland does the inferior hypophyseal arteries arise?

A

Internal carotid artery

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18
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland does the inferior hypophyseal arteries supply?

A

Pars nervosa

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19
Q

Most of the posterior part of the pituitary gland has no direct arterial supply. T/F

A

F

It’s most of the anterior part that does not have direct arterial supply.

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20
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland make up the pituitary stalk?

A

Infundibulum and pars tuberalis

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21
Q

The arteries that supply the pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum give rise to which vessels?

A

Thr primary capillary plexus or fenestrated capillaries

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22
Q

The primary capillary plexus drains into which vein?

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

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23
Q

The hypophyseal portal veins run along which structure?

A

Pars tuberalis

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24
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland secretes tropic hormones?

A

Adenohypophysis

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25
Q

What are the tropic hormones?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormoine (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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26
Q

Which hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormoine (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
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27
Q

Why are GH and PRL not considered tropic hormones?

A

Because they act directly on target organs that are not endocrine.

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28
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that regulate the activity of cells in other endocrine glands throughout the body

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29
Q

Which hormones of the adenohyoophysis are not tropic hormones?

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
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30
Q

What are the three types of cells in the pars distalis based on staining properties?

A

Basophils, acidophils and chromophobes

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31
Q

Which are most numerous in the pars distalis: basophils, acidophils and chromophobes?

A

Chromophobes

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32
Q

What are the five cell types of the pars distalis based on immunocytochemical reactions?

A 
Somatotropes (GH cells)
Lactotropes (PRL cells, mammotropes)
Corticotropes (ACTH cells)
Gonadotropes (FSH and LH cells)
Thyrotropes ( TSH cells)
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33
Q

50% of the pars distalis consists of which functional cell types?

A

Somatotropes (GH cells)

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34
Q

Which

hormones regulate GH secretion?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin and ghrelin

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35
Q

Which cells secrete GH?

A

Somatotropes

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36
Q

Which hormones stimulate the secretion of somatotropin?

A

GHRH and ghrelin

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37
Q

Which hormone inhibits secretion of somatotropin?

A

Somatostatin

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38
Q

Which hormone inhibits secretion of somatotrophin?

A

Somatostatin

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39
Q

Lactotropes secrete which hormone?

A

Prolactin

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40
Q

Lactotropes are acidophils, basophils or chromatophobes?

A

They have the acidophilic granules of acidophils during storage phase, but are unstained like chromophobes after secretion of vessels

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41
Q

Which hormone inhibit PRL secretion?

A

Dopamine

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42
Q

GHRH (inhibits/stimulates) somatotropin secretion.

A

Stimulate

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43
Q

Somatostatin (inhibits/stimulates) somatotropin secretion.

A

Inhibit

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44
Q

Dopamine (inhibits/stimulates) PRL secretion.

A

Inhibit

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45
Q

Ghrelin (inhibits/stimulates) somatotropin secretion.

A

Stimulate

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46
Q

TRH (inhibits/stimulates) PRL secretion.

A

Stimulate

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47
Q

VIP (inhibits/stimulates) PRL secretion.

A

Stimulate

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48
Q

Corticotropes are acidophils, basophils or chromophobes?

A

Basophils

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49
Q

Corticotropes secrete which hormone?

A

Adrenocortocotropic hormone (ACTH)

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50
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone regulates ACTH?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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51
Q

Gonadotropes secrete which hormones?

A 
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and 
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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52
Q

Gonadortopes are acidophils, basophils or chromophobes?

A

Basophils

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53
Q

All gonadotropes secrete both LH and FSH. T/F

A

F

Some can only secrete one hormone or the other.

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54
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone regulates the secretion of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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55
Q

Thyrotropes secrete which hormone?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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56
Q

Thyrotropes are acidophils, basophils or chromophobes?

A

Basophils

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57
Q

Which of the five functional cells of the pars distalis are acidophils?

A

Somatotropes, lactotropes (at storage stage),

58
Q

Which of the five functional cells of the pars distalis are basophils?

A

Corticotropes, gonadotropes and thyrotropes

59
Q

Which of the five functional cells of the pars distalis are chromophobes?

A

Lactotropes (after secretion)

60
Q

Pars intermedia has acidophils, basophils or chromophobes?

A

Basophils and chromophobes

61
Q

The parenchyma cells of the pars intermedia surround colloid-filled follicles. T/F

A

T

62
Q

Which of the ff are direct effects of GH?

a. increased glucose uptake in muscle and adipose
b. increased lypolysis
c. increased protein synthesis
d. aota
e. b and c

A

e

63
Q

Which of the ff decrease TSH secretion?

a. iodine deficiency
b. high t3 and t4
c. leptin
d. aota

A

b

64
Q

TSH is structurally similar to

a. LH
b. FSH
c. hCG
d. AOTA

A

d

65
Q

TSH is structurally similar to

a. LH
b. FSH
c. hCG
d. AOTA

A

d

66
Q

Prolactin secretion is inhibited by

A. Epinephrine
B. Dopamine
C. Norepinephrine
D. AOTA

A

B

67
Q

ACTH has rapid, intermediate and long term
effects on the function of zona fasciculata. Which is a target for rapid effects?

A. Adrenal hypertrophy 
B. Cortisol secretion 
C. StAR activation 
D. CYP21A2 expression 
E. LDL receptor expression
A

C

68
Q

In contrast, the pituitary gland secretes

A. Tropic hormones
B. Steroid hormones
C. Releasing hormones

A

A

69
Q

The major target of growth hormone, which determines the circulating levels of IGF-1, is

A. pituitary gland 
B. muscle 
C. liver 
D. kidney 
E. intestine
A

C

70
Q

The pituitary hormone under predominantly inhibitory control by the hypothalamus:

a. growth hormone
b. TSH
c. somatostatin
d. prolactin
e. ACTH

A

d

71
Q

the following are parts of your adenohypophysis except:

a. anterior lobe
b. pars intermedia
c. pars tuberalis
d. median eminence

A

d

72
Q

Which effects of GH is/are indicated by IGF-1?

A. Increased organ size.
B. Linear growth
C. Increase cell size and number.
D. AOTA.

A

D

73
Q

Growth hormone is stimulated by

A. sleep
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Both
D. neither

A

A

74
Q

The ff are functions of prolactin except:

a. promotes mammary gland devt
b. promotes lactogenesis
c. promotes milk ejection
d. none of d above

A

c

75
Q

Prolactin secretion is stimulated by:

A. Nursing
B. Pregnancy
C. Estrogen
D. All of the above

A

d

76
Q

A decrease in ACTH levels leads to

a. decrease in cortisol levels
b. decrease in adrenomedullary epinephrine
secretion
c. decrease in hepatic protein synthesis
d. AOTA

A

a

77
Q

GH stimulates the liver to produce

a. somatomedin
b. somatotropin
c. somatostatin
d. AOTA

A

a

78
Q

ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete

a. cortisol
b. aldosterone
c. androgen
d. AOTA

A

d

79
Q

The pars nervosa contains (myelinated/unmyelinated) axonx and their nerve endings whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus.

A

Unmyelinated

80
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is an endocrine gland. T/F

A

F

It is a storage site for neurosecretions of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclein of the hypothalamus.

81
Q

Inhibition of pituitary gland by dopamine secretion of hypothalamus: short loop or long loop?

A

Short loop

82
Q

Inhibition of hypothalamus by thyroid hormones: short loop or long loop?

A

Long loop

83
Q

The following are effects of oxytocin except:

A. Maternal behavior
B. Contraction of myoepithelium of the breast
C. Inhibition of prolactin release
D. Contraction of myometrium of uterus

A

C

84
Q

Important regulator of circadian hormonal rhythms

A. PVN 
B. SON 
C. Superior fornix 
D. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
E. Arcuate nucleus
A

D

85
Q

The growth hormone receptor

A. activates Gs 
B. Requires dimerization 
C. Must be internalized to exert its effects 
D. Resembles IGF-1 receptor 
E. Resembles ACTH receptor
A

D

86
Q

Magnocellular hypothalamic neurons secrete

A. ADH 
B. CRH 
C. GHRH 
D. GnRH 
E. AOTA
A

A

87
Q

Example of short-looped feedback

a. GH inhibition of GHRH
b. cortisol inhibition of ACTH
c. FSH inhibition of estrogen
d. somatostatin inhibition of TSH

A

a

88
Q

Hypothalamic releasing hormones are secreted from neuroendocrine neurons at the

a. median eminence
b. pars distalis
c. paraventricular nucleus
d. pars nervosa
e. infundibular stalk

A

a

89
Q

The major target of growth hormone, which determines the circulating levels of IGF-1, is

A. pituitary gland 
B. muscle 
C. liver 
D. kidney 
E. intestine
A

c

90
Q

The preprohormone preprovasopressin is synthesized in the

A. pars nervosa 
B. median eminence 
C. hypothalamic nuclei 
D. pars distalis 
E. infundibular stalk
A

c

91
Q

Which effects of GH is/are indicated by IGF-1?

A. Increased organ size.
B. Linear growth
C. Increase cell size and number.
D. AOTA.

A

D

92
Q

Growth hormone is stimulated by

A. sleep
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Both
D. neither

A

A

93
Q

Pituitary glycoproteins are heterodimers each consisting of a common alpha subunit and a unique beta subunit. Pituitary glycoproteins include:

a. TSH, GH, LH
b. hCG, TSH, LH
c. prolactin, GH, ACTH
d. FSH, LH, TSH
e. FSH, LH, prolactin

A

d

94
Q

During fasting, what is the first energy store to be utilized for blood glucose?

a. Muscle glycogen
b. Ketone bodies
c. Muscle protein
d. Hepatic glycogen

A

D

95
Q

True of the pituitary acidophils

a. takes up anilene blue stain easily
b. secretes prolactin
c. abundant in the posterolateral part of the pars intermedia
d. possess
e. AOTA

A

B

96
Q

Hormone secretion regulated by hypothalamus

a. adenohypophysis
b. neurohypophysis
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

C

97
Q

Stimulates GH secretion: hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia

A

Hypoglycemia

98
Q

Stimulates GH secretion: FFA or AA?

A

AA

99
Q

Inhibits GH secretion: somatostatin or GHRH?

A

Somatostatin

100
Q

Inhibits GH secretion: basal cortisol or pharmacologic cortisol?

A

Pharmacologic

101
Q

Deep sleep: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?

A

Stimulates

102
Q

Thyroid hormone: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?

A

Stimulates

103
Q

Inhibits GH: progesterone or estrogen?

A

Progesterone

104
Q

Cortisol: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?

A

Basal levels: stimulate

Pharmacologic intake: inhibit

105
Q

Hyperglycemia: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?

A

Inhibit

106
Q

Stress: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?

A

Stimulates

107
Q

Stomatomedin: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?

A

Inhibit

108
Q

Stomatomedin is secrete by which organ?

A

Liver

109
Q

GHRH: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?

A

Stimulates

110
Q

What type of receptor is the growth hormone receptor?

A

JAK-STAT

111
Q

The indirect effects of GH are affected by which molecule?

A

IGF or stomatomedin

112
Q

GH (promotes/inhibits) protein synthesis

A

Promotes

113
Q

GH (promotes/inhibits) glucose uptake

A

Inhibits

114
Q

GH (promotes/inhibits) lipolysis

A

Promotes

115
Q

GH promotes (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis)

A

Gluconeogenesis

116
Q

GH (promotes/inhibits) amino acid uptake

A

Promotes

117
Q

GH (increases/decreases) collagen synthesis

A

Increases

118
Q

Acromegaly is brought about by the excess of which hormone?

A

GH

119
Q

TRH (stimulates/inhibits) prolactin

A

Stimulates

120
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

121
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk let-down?

A

Oxytocin

122
Q

Pregnancy and nursing (stimulates/inhibits) prolactin

A

Stimulates

123
Q

Stress (stimulates/inhibits) prolactin

A

Stimulates

124
Q

Which hormone is structurally analogous to prolactin?

A

GH

125
Q

Which hormone is structurally analogous to oxytocin?

A

ADH

126
Q

Which hormone is structurally analogous to GH?

A

Prolactin

127
Q

Which hormone is structurally analogous to ADH?

A

Oxytocin

128
Q

What type of receptor is the prolactin receptor?

A

JAK-STAT

129
Q

ADH and oxytocin are different by how many amino acids?

A

Two

130
Q

(Increase/decrease) in osmolality stimulates ADH secretion

A

Increase

131
Q

(Increase/decrease) in plasma volume stimulates ADH secretion

A

Decrease

132
Q

(Increase/decrease) in temperature stimulates ADH secretion

A

Increase

133
Q

Stimulates ADH secrection: cortisol or stress?

A

Stress

134
Q

Inhibits ADH secretion: Pain or Ethanol?

A

Ethanol

135
Q

Which type of receptor is the ADH receptor in the kidney?

A

G protein-coupled receptor

136
Q

Which receptors of ADH increase the number of aquaporins in the apical membrane?

A

V2 receptors

137
Q

Which aquaporins in the kidney are ADH dependent?

A

AQP2

138
Q

Suckling (stimulates/inhibits) secretion of oxytocin

A

Stimulates

139
Q

Oxytocin: positive or negative feedback?

A

Positive

140
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk let-down?

A

Oxytocin

Endocrinology (6 decks)

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