THYROID GLAND Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
It is a butterfly gland found in the lower anterior neck
A
Thyroid gland
2
Q
one important gland of the body that is responsible in the production of thyroid hormone and calcitonin.
A
Thyroid gland
3
Q
The thyroid gland is an important gland of the body that is responsible for what?
A
responsible in the production of thyroid hormone and calcitonin
4
Q
The thyroid gland is a butterfly gland found where?
A
found in the lower anterior neck
5
Q
The thyroid gland is also called a ____ gland
A
butterfly gland
6
Q
Thyroid hormones require what for their synthesis?
A
iodine
7
Q
Thyroid hormones require iodine for what?
A
for the their [thyroid hormones] synthesis
8
Q
These require iodine for their synthesis.
A
Thyroid hormones
9
Q
This combines with the protein thyroglobulin to form hormone precursors
A
Iodine
10
Q
The iodine combines with the what protein to form hormone precursors that in turn combine to form T3 and T4?
A
thyroglobulin
11
Q
The iodine combines with the protein thyroglobulin to form what?
A
to form hormone precursors
12
Q
The iodine combines with the protein thyroglobulin to form hormone precursors
that in turn combine to form what?
A
to form T3 and T4
13
Q
These are either stored within the follicle or released into the bloodstream.
A
Thyroid hormones
14
Q
What are the 2 destinations of thyroid hormones?
A
- either stored within the follicle
- or released into the
bloodstream.
15
Q
Thyroid hormones are may stored within the what?
A
follicle
16
Q
Thyroid hormones may be released into the what?
A
bloodstream
17
Q
In the blood, this eventually gives up an iodine molecule and forms T3.
A
most T4
18
Q
In the blood, most T4 eventually gives up an/a what?
A
gives up an iodine molecule
19
Q
In the blood, most T4 eventually gives up an iodine molecule and forms what?
A
T3
20
Q
There is much more circulating T3 than T4.
True or false
A
true
21
Q
Approximately how many percent of circulating T3 and T4 is bound to protein?
A
98%
22
Q
Approximately 98% of circulating T3 and T4 is bound to what?
A
bound to protein
23
Q
Approximately 98% of what is bound to protein?
A
98% circulating T3 and T4
24
Q
Approximately 98% of circulating T3 and T4 is bound to protein, including what?
A
- thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
- thyroxine-binding albumin.
25
this is the physiologically active
fraction.
when some hormone remains unbound or free
26
What do you call when some hormone remains unbound or free?
physiologically active
fraction.
27
# regulation of T3 and T4
This is released by the brain and stimulates the release of TSH (thyrotropin) from the pituitary gland
Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
28
Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) is released by what?
released by the brain
29
It stimulates the
release of TSH (thyrotropin) from the pituitary gland.
Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
30
Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the release of what?
release of TSH (thyrotropin)
31
Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the release of what?
release of TSH (thyrotropin)
32
Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the release of TSH (thyrotropin) from the what?
from the pituitary gland
33
It stimulates iodine uptake
TSH
34
TSH stimulates what?
iodine uptake
35
TSH stimulates iodine uptake by the what?
by the thyroid gland
36
This causes the release
of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.
TSH
37
TSH causes the release
of what?
causes the release
of T3 and T4
38
TSH causes the release
of T3 and T4 from the what?
from the thyroid gland
39
What is the cause of the “shut off” the release of TSH from the pituitary gland, decreased levels induce TSH release?
Due to high serum levels of free T3 and T4
40
What is the effect of high serum levels of free T3 and T4?
“shut off” the release of TSH from the pituitary gland
41
High serum levels of bound T3 and T4 “shut off” the release of TSH from the pituitary gland, increased levels inhibit TSH release
| true or false
free T3 and T4; decreased levels INDUCE TSH release
| FALSE
42
These levels of T3 and T4 induce TSH release
decreased levels
43
High serum levels of free T3 and T4 “shut off” the release of TSH from the what?
from the pituitary gland
44
What organ released TSH?
pituitary gland
45
the concentration of TSH depends on what?
depends on how much T4 and T3 are in the blood.
46
Calcitonin is another hormone produced by the pituitary gland.
| true or false
produced by the thyroid gland
| false
47
It participates in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and maintaining calcium homeostasis
Calcitonin
48
What are the 2 roles of Calcitonin?
1. It participates in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood
2. maintains calcium homeostasis
49
What are the 2 types of cells in the Thyroid gland?
1. Follicular cells
2. Parafollicular cells
50
Parafollicular cells are also called ...
C cells
51
Follicular cells pertain to what?
T3 and T4
52
Parafollicular cells pertain to what?
Calcitonin
53
It is a glycoprotein
Thyroglobulin
54
it acts as a preformed matrix containing tyrosyl group
Thyroglobulin
55
Thyrglobulin acts as a what?
acts as a preformed matrix containing
tyrosyl group
56
Thyrglobulin acts as a preformed matrix containing what?
containing tyrosyl group
57
it is stored in the follicular colloid of the thyroid gland.
Thyroglobulin
58
Thyroglobulin is stored in where?
stored in the follicular colloid of the thyroid gland.
59
Iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin results in formation of what?
1. monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
2. diiodotyrosine (DIT).
60
This results in the formation of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT).
Iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin
61
These kind of hormones are metabolically inactive
Protein bound hormones
62
Protein bound hormones are metabolically inactive
| True or false
true
63
These are the physiologically active portions of the thyroid hormones.
Free Hormones
64
What are the free hormones?
FT3 and FT4
65
What happens when iodide sources are diminished?
1. MIT is produced in greater quantities
2. leading to increased T3 formation and release.
66
It is produced by removal of one iodine from the inner ring of
T4
Reverse T3
67
How is reverse T3 produced?
produced by removal of one iodine from the inner ring of
T4
68
Reverse T3 is produced by removal of one iodine from what?
from the inner ring of T4
69
Reverse T3 is produced by removal of how many iodines?
1
70
Reverse T3 is metabolically active
| True or false
metabolically inactive
| false
71
It is the product of T4 metabolism.
Reverse T3
72
Iodine intake of how much is an indication of the deficiency of hormone secretion?
Iodine intake below 50ug/day
73
Iodine intake below 50ug/day is an indication of what?
indication of the deficiency of
hormone secretion.
74
How does the regulation of thryoid hormone secretion happen?
1. Hypothalamus
2. Thyroprotein-releasing hormone (TRH)
3. Anterior pituitary
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
5. Thyroid gland
6. Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
75
Laboratory Evaluation and Imaging Studies of Thyroid
Function
| SSATTTT
1. Serum T3
2. Serum T4
3. Anti-thyroid antibodies
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone
5. thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
6. thyroid uptake and scan
7. thyroid ultrasound
76
This disease of the thyroid gland is the under-production of thyroid hormones
HYPOTHYROIDISM
77
This disease of the thyroid gland is also known as Gland destruction
HYPOTHYROIDISM
78
What are the diseases associated with hypothyroidism?
1. Myxoedema
2. Cretinism
3. ThyroidITIS
79
Myxoedema is also called ...
Gull disease
80
Cretinism
| Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
81
Grave's disease
| Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
82
Thyrotoxicosis
| Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
83
Myxoedema
| Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
84
Thyroiditis
| Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
85
HYPERTHYROIDISM is also called ...
thyrotoxicosis
86
This disease of the thyroid gland is the over-production of thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism
87
Goiter
| Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
88
Neoplastic processes
| Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
hyperthyroidism
89
Dietary Iodide deficiency
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Primary
90
Iodine defficiency
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Primary
91
Autoimmune (Hashimoto´s Thyroiditis)
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Primary
92
Drugs: amiodarone, lithium, thiocyanates, phenylbutazone,
sulfonylureas
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Primary
93
Iatrogenic
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Primary
94
Congenital
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Primary
95
Infiltrative disorders
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Primary
96
Pituitary gland destruction
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Secondary
97
Isolated TSH deficiency
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Secondary
98
Bexarotene(anti cancer drug) treatment
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Secondary
99
Hypothalamic disorders
| Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism
Secondary
100
What is the automminue disorder in HYPOthyroidism?
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
101
What are the drugs in primary hypothyroidism?
- amiodarone
- lithium
- thiocyanates
- phenylbutazone
- sulfonylureas
102
Ratio of congenital in Primary hypothyroidism
1 in 3000 to 4000
103
What is the anti cancer drug in secondary hypothyroidism?
Bexarotene treatment
104
What are the conditions associated with secondary hypothyroidism?
| PHBIs
1. Pituitary gland destruction
2. Hypothalamic disorders
3. Bexarotene(anti cancer drug) treatment
4. Isolated TSH deficiency
105
Hypothyroidism appears in 3 forms:
1. Myxedema (Gull disease)
2. Cretinism
3. Thyroiditis
106
It is the non pitting swelling of the skin
Myxedema
107
Skin becomes infiltrated by mucopolysaccharides (needed enzyme to breakdown sugar molecule chains)
Myxedema
108
It is the severe form of primary
hypothyroidism
MYXEDEMA COMA
109
This disease shows as a Puffy face
Myedema (Gull disease)
110
This disease shows with a sign of weight gain
Myedema (Gull disease)
111
This disease is the hypothyroidism developing in adults, deposition of excess mucoprotein in skin of forearm, Leg, feet
Myxedema (Gull disease)
112
Myxedema is when the skin becomes infiltrated by what?
infiltrated by mucopolysaccharides
113
Hashimoto's disease is also called what?
chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
114
Most common cause of primary
hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s disease
115
Associated with the enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)
Hashimoto’s disease
116
Hashimoto's disease is associated with the enlargement of the what?
enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)
117
This disease shows a high TSH and positive TPO in laboratory results?
Hashimoto's disease
118
What is the laboratory results in Hashimoto's disease?
1. High TSH
2. Positive TPO (Thyroid peroxidase antibody test)
119
This disease is a type of hypothyroidism developing in infancy/early childhood, due
to maternal iodine deficiency
Cretinism
120
Cretinism is due to what?
due to maternal iodine deficiency.
121
This disorder is associated with an impaired skeletal development
Cretinism
122
This disorder is associated with an impaired CNS development
Cretinism
123
This is the inadequate maternal thyroid hormone prior to fetal thyroid gland formation
Cretinism
124
Cretinism is the inadequate maternal thyroid hormone prior to what?
prior to fetal thyroid gland formation
125
This disorder is associated with severe mental retardation
Cretinism
126
This disorder is associated with dwarfism and stunted growth
Cretinism
127
Refers to an excess of circulating thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism
128
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
1. Tachycardia
2. Tremors
129
It refers to the involuntary twitching
movement
Tremors
130
Hyperthyroidism refers to an excess of what?
excess of circulating thyroid hormone.
131
elevated T3 and T4
| Primary hyperthyroidism or secondary hyperthyroidism
Primary
132
Decreased TSH
| Primary hyperthyroidism or secondary hyperthyroidism
Primary
133
Increased FT4 and TSH
| Primary hyperthyroidism or secondary hyperthyroidism
Secondary
134
Increased FT4 and TSH is due to what?
Due to primary lesion in the pituitary gland
135
What are laboratory results in primary hyperthyroidism?
1. Elevated T3 and T4
2. Decreased TSH
136
What are the laboratory results in secondary hyperthyroidism?
1. Increased FT3
2. Increased TSH
137
Grave's disease is also called ...
diffuse toxic goiter
138
It is also called diffuse toxic goiter
Grave's disease
139
Most common cause of endogenous
hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis.
Graves disease
140
Grave's disease is the most common cause of what?
Most common cause of endogenous
hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis
141
It is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that activate the TSH receptor
Grave's dsease
142
Grave's disease is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that activate the what?
activate the TSH receptor
143
This disease is 6x more common in women
Grave's disease
144
How common is Grave's disease in women?
6x more common
145
What are the clinical manifestations of Grave's disease?
1. Bulgin eyes
2. Pritibial myxedema
146
What are the clinical manifestations of cretinism?
1. Dwarfism and stunted growth
2. Often deaf and mute
3. Severe mental retardation
4. Impaired skeletal development
5. Impaired CNS development
147
What is the diagnostic test for Graves disease?
TSH receptor antibody test
148
T3 Thyrotoxicosisis also called ...
Plummer's Disease
149
What are the laboratory results of T3 Thyrotoxicosis?
1. FT3 increased
2. FT4 normal
3. Low TSH
150
FT3 increased but FT4
normal with low TSH indicates what disease?
T3 Thyrotoxicosis or Plummer's Disease
151
What are the laboratory results for T4 Thyrotoxicosis?
1. T3 normal or low
2. T4 increased
3. low TSH
152
T3 normal or low but T4 increased with low TSH indicated what type of thyrotoxicosis?
T4 thyrotoxicosis
153
This disease is a chronic inflammatory disease (mass)
Riedel's Thyroditis
154
This disease is when the thyroid turns into a woody or stony-hard mass.
Riedel's Thyroditis
155
Riedel's thyroditis is when the thyroid turns into a what?
turns into a woody or stony-hard mass
156
What are the 11 thyroid fnction tests?
| 6T SPRR
1. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test)
2. TSH Test
3. Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay
4. Thyroxine Binding Globulin
5. T3 UPTAKE
6. Total T3, Free T3 and Free T4
7. Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)
8. Serum calcitonin
9. Pentagastrin (Pg) Stimulation Test
10. Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)
11. Reverse T3 (rT3)
157
This measures the relationship between the TRH and TSH secretions.
TRH-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test)
158
It is used to confirm borderline cases and euthyroid Grave’s disease
TRH-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test)
159
TRH-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test) measure the relationship between what?
between the TRH and TSH secretions.
160
TRH-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test) is use to confirm what?
to confirm borderline cases and euthyroid Grave’s disease
161
It is the most important thyroid function test
TSH test
162
It is the best method for detecting clinically significant thyroid dysfunction.
TSH test
163
TSH test is the best method for detecting what?
for detecting clinically significant thyroid dysfunction.
164
TSH test is a clinically sensitive assay for detction of what?
fo the detection of primar tyroid disorders
165
It is used to measure the ability of the thyroid gland to trap
iodine.
Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)
166
Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) is used to measure what?
to measure the ability of the thyroid gland to trap iodine.
167
This is helpful in establishing the cause of hyperthyroidism.
Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)
168
Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) is helpful in establishing the cause of what?
the cause of hyperthyroidism
169
High uptake + TSH Deficiency =
Autonomous Thyroid Activity.
170
It is normally used as a postoperative marker of thyroid cancer.
Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay
171
Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay is normally used as a postoperative marker of what?
postoperative marker of thyroid cancer
172
Used in monitoring the course of metastatic or recurrence of thyroid cancer.
Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay
173
Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay is used in monitoring what?
in monitoring the course of metastatic or recurrence thyroid cancer.
174
Formed by the removal of one iodine from the inner ring of T4.
Reverse T3 (rT3)
175
It is an endproduct of T4 metabolism
Reverse T3 (rT3)
176
Reverse T3 (rT3) is formed by what?
by the removal of one iodine
177
Reverse T3 (rT3) is formed by the removal of one iodine from what?
from the inner ring of T4
178
Reverse T3 (rT3) is an endproduct of what?
T4 metabolism
179
It indirectly assesses the level of FREE T4 in blood.
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)
180
It is based on the equilibrium relationship of bound T4 and FT4.
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)
181
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) indirectly assesses the level of what?
the level of FREE T4 in blood.
182
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) is based on the equilibrium relationship of what?
relationship of bound T4 and FT4.
183
THE VALUES are used to confirm hyperthyroidism
Total T3, Free T3 and Free T4
184
The values in Total T3, Free T3 and Free T4 are used to confirm what?
to confirm hyperthyroidism
185
T3 UPTAKE is not a measure of T3 SERUM LEVEL
| true or false
true
186
This measures the number of available binding sites of the thyroxine-binding proteins, most notably TBG.
T3 UPTAKE
187
It helps in the diagnosis of patient having elevated T3 and T4 levels but no correlation with the other thyroid function test, or not compatible with clinical findings.
Thyroxine Binding Globulin
188
Thyroxine Binding Globulin helps in the diagnosis of patient having what?
having elevated T3 and T4
levels
189
This leads to increased serum levels T3 and T4 , but the unbound or free form of these hormones in the blood remain unchanged.
TBG EXCESS
190
TBG EXCESS leads to increased serum levels T3 and T4 , but the what form of these hormones in the blood remain unchanged?
unbound or free form
191
TBG EXCESS leads to increased serum levels T3 and T4 , but the what form of these hormones in the blood remain unchanged?
unbound or free form
192
It is a tumor marker for detecting residual thyroid metastasis in MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (MTC)
Serum calcitonin
193
Serum calcitonin is a tumor marker for detecting what?
for detecting residual thyroid metastasis
194
Serum calcitonin is a tumor marker for detecting residual thyroid metastasis in what?
residual thyroid metastasis in
MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (MTC)
195
It shoud be measured before and 6 months after surgery.
Serum calcitonin
196
Serum calcitonin shoud be measured how long after surgery?
before and 6 months after surgery.
197
It is used for the diagnosis of MTC
Pentagastrin (Pg) Stimulation Test
198
Pentagastrin (Pg) Stimulation Test is used for the diagnosis of what?
for the diagnosis of MTC
