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Clin Chem 2 (Laboratory) > THYROID GLAND > Flashcards

THYROID GLAND Flashcards

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1
Q

It is a butterfly gland found in the lower anterior neck

A

Thyroid gland

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2
Q

one important gland of the body that is responsible in the production of thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

A

Thyroid gland

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3
Q

The thyroid gland is an important gland of the body that is responsible for what?

A

responsible in the production of thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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4
Q

The thyroid gland is a butterfly gland found where?

A

found in the lower anterior neck

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5
Q

The thyroid gland is also called a ____ gland

A

butterfly gland

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6
Q

Thyroid hormones require what for their synthesis?

A

iodine

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7
Q

Thyroid hormones require iodine for what?

A

for the their [thyroid hormones] synthesis

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8
Q

These require iodine for their synthesis.

A

Thyroid hormones

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9
Q

This combines with the protein thyroglobulin to form hormone precursors

A

Iodine

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10
Q

The iodine combines with the what protein to form hormone precursors that in turn combine to form T3 and T4?

A

thyroglobulin

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11
Q

The iodine combines with the protein thyroglobulin to form what?

A

to form hormone precursors

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12
Q

The iodine combines with the protein thyroglobulin to form hormone precursors
that in turn combine to form what?

A

to form T3 and T4

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13
Q

These are either stored within the follicle or released into the bloodstream.

A

Thyroid hormones

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14
Q

What are the 2 destinations of thyroid hormones?

A
  1. either stored within the follicle
  2. or released into the
    bloodstream.
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15
Q

Thyroid hormones are may stored within the what?

A

follicle

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16
Q

Thyroid hormones may be released into the what?

A

bloodstream

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17
Q

In the blood, this eventually gives up an iodine molecule and forms T3.

A

most T4

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18
Q

In the blood, most T4 eventually gives up an/a what?

A

gives up an iodine molecule

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19
Q

In the blood, most T4 eventually gives up an iodine molecule and forms what?

A

T3

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20
Q

There is much more circulating T3 than T4.

True or false

A

true

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21
Q

Approximately how many percent of circulating T3 and T4 is bound to protein?

A

98%

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22
Q

Approximately 98% of circulating T3 and T4 is bound to what?

A

bound to protein

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23
Q

Approximately 98% of what is bound to protein?

A

98% circulating T3 and T4

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24
Q

Approximately 98% of circulating T3 and T4 is bound to protein, including what?

A
  • thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
  • thyroxine-binding albumin.
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25
Q

this is the physiologically active
fraction.

A

when some hormone remains unbound or free

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26
Q

What do you call when some hormone remains unbound or free?

A

physiologically active
fraction.

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27
Q

regulation of T3 and T4

This is released by the brain and stimulates the release of TSH (thyrotropin) from the pituitary gland

A

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)

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28
Q

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) is released by what?

A

released by the brain

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29
Q

It stimulates the
release of TSH (thyrotropin) from the pituitary gland.

A

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)

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30
Q

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the release of what?

A

release of TSH (thyrotropin)

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31
Q

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the release of what?

A

release of TSH (thyrotropin)

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32
Q

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the release of TSH (thyrotropin) from the what?

A

from the pituitary gland

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33
Q

It stimulates iodine uptake

A

TSH

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34
Q

TSH stimulates what?

A

iodine uptake

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35
Q

TSH stimulates iodine uptake by the what?

A

by the thyroid gland

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36
Q

This causes the release
of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.

A

TSH

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37
Q

TSH causes the release
of what?

A

causes the release
of T3 and T4

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38
Q

TSH causes the release
of T3 and T4 from the what?

A

from the thyroid gland

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39
Q

What is the cause of the “shut off” the release of TSH from the pituitary gland, decreased levels induce TSH release?

A

Due to high serum levels of free T3 and T4

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40
Q

What is the effect of high serum levels of free T3 and T4?

A

“shut off” the release of TSH from the pituitary gland

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41
Q

High serum levels of bound T3 and T4 “shut off” the release of TSH from the pituitary gland, increased levels inhibit TSH release

true or false

A

free T3 and T4; decreased levels INDUCE TSH release

FALSE

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42
Q

These levels of T3 and T4 induce TSH release

A

decreased levels

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43
Q

High serum levels of free T3 and T4 “shut off” the release of TSH from the what?

A

from the pituitary gland

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44
Q

What organ released TSH?

A

pituitary gland

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45
Q

the concentration of TSH depends on what?

A

depends on how much T4 and T3 are in the blood.

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46
Q

Calcitonin is another hormone produced by the pituitary gland.

true or false

A

produced by the thyroid gland

false

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47
Q

It participates in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and maintaining calcium homeostasis

A

Calcitonin

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48
Q

What are the 2 roles of Calcitonin?

A
  1. It participates in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood
  2. maintains calcium homeostasis
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49
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the Thyroid gland?

A
  1. Follicular cells
  2. Parafollicular cells
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50
Q

Parafollicular cells are also called …

A

C cells

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51
Q

Follicular cells pertain to what?

A

T3 and T4

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52
Q

Parafollicular cells pertain to what?

A

Calcitonin

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53
Q

It is a glycoprotein

A

Thyroglobulin

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54
Q

it acts as a preformed matrix containing tyrosyl group

A

Thyroglobulin

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55
Q

Thyrglobulin acts as a what?

A

acts as a preformed matrix containing
tyrosyl group

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56
Q

Thyrglobulin acts as a preformed matrix containing what?

A

containing tyrosyl group

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57
Q

it is stored in the follicular colloid of the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroglobulin

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58
Q

Thyroglobulin is stored in where?

A

stored in the follicular colloid of the thyroid gland.

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59
Q

Iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin results in formation of what?

A
  1. monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
  2. diiodotyrosine (DIT).
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60
Q

This results in the formation of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT).

A

Iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin

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61
Q

These kind of hormones are metabolically inactive

A

Protein bound hormones

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62
Q

Protein bound hormones are metabolically inactive

True or false

A

true

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63
Q

These are the physiologically active portions of the thyroid hormones.

A

Free Hormones

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64
Q

What are the free hormones?

A

FT3 and FT4

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65
Q

What happens when iodide sources are diminished?

A
  1. MIT is produced in greater quantities
  2. leading to increased T3 formation and release.
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66
Q

It is produced by removal of one iodine from the inner ring of
T4

A

Reverse T3

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67
Q

How is reverse T3 produced?

A

produced by removal of one iodine from the inner ring of
T4

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68
Q

Reverse T3 is produced by removal of one iodine from what?

A

from the inner ring of T4

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69
Q

Reverse T3 is produced by removal of how many iodines?

A

1

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70
Q

Reverse T3 is metabolically active

True or false

A

metabolically inactive

false

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71
Q

It is the product of T4 metabolism.

A

Reverse T3

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72
Q

Iodine intake of how much is an indication of the deficiency of hormone secretion?

A

Iodine intake below 50ug/day

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73
Q

Iodine intake below 50ug/day is an indication of what?

A

indication of the deficiency of
hormone secretion.

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74
Q

How does the regulation of thryoid hormone secretion happen?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thyroprotein-releasing hormone (TRH)
  3. Anterior pituitary
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  5. Thyroid gland
  6. Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
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75
Q

Laboratory Evaluation and Imaging Studies of Thyroid
Function

SSATTTT

A
  1. Serum T3
  2. Serum T4
  3. Anti-thyroid antibodies
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  5. thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
  6. thyroid uptake and scan
  7. thyroid ultrasound
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76
Q

This disease of the thyroid gland is the under-production of thyroid hormones

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

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77
Q

This disease of the thyroid gland is also known as Gland destruction

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

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78
Q

What are the diseases associated with hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Myxoedema
  2. Cretinism
  3. ThyroidITIS
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79
Q

Myxoedema is also called …

A

Gull disease

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80
Q

Cretinism

Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism

81
Q

Grave’s disease

Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism

82
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism

83
Q

Myxoedema

Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism

84
Q

Thyroiditis

Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism

85
Q

HYPERTHYROIDISM is also called …

A

thyrotoxicosis

86
Q

This disease of the thyroid gland is the over-production of thyroid hormone

A

Hyperthyroidism

87
Q

Goiter

Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism

88
Q

Neoplastic processes

Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

A

hyperthyroidism

89
Q

Dietary Iodide deficiency

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Primary

90
Q

Iodine defficiency

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Primary

91
Q

Autoimmune (Hashimoto´s Thyroiditis)

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Primary

92
Q

Drugs: amiodarone, lithium, thiocyanates, phenylbutazone,
sulfonylureas

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Primary

93
Q

Iatrogenic

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Primary

94
Q

Congenital

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Primary

95
Q

Infiltrative disorders

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Primary

96
Q

Pituitary gland destruction

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Secondary

97
Q

Isolated TSH deficiency

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Secondary

98
Q

Bexarotene(anti cancer drug) treatment

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Secondary

99
Q

Hypothalamic disorders

Primary hypothyroidism or secondary hypothyroidism

A

Secondary

100
Q

What is the automminue disorder in HYPOthyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

101
Q

What are the drugs in primary hypothyroidism?

A
  • amiodarone
  • lithium
  • thiocyanates
  • phenylbutazone
  • sulfonylureas
102
Q

Ratio of congenital in Primary hypothyroidism

A

1 in 3000 to 4000

103
Q

What is the anti cancer drug in secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Bexarotene treatment

104
Q

What are the conditions associated with secondary hypothyroidism?

PHBIs

A
  1. Pituitary gland destruction
  2. Hypothalamic disorders
  3. Bexarotene(anti cancer drug) treatment
  4. Isolated TSH deficiency
105
Q

Hypothyroidism appears in 3 forms:

A
  1. Myxedema (Gull disease)
  2. Cretinism
  3. Thyroiditis
106
Q

It is the non pitting swelling of the skin

A

Myxedema

107
Q

Skin becomes infiltrated by mucopolysaccharides (needed enzyme to breakdown sugar molecule chains)

A

Myxedema

108
Q

It is the severe form of primary
hypothyroidism

A

MYXEDEMA COMA

109
Q

This disease shows as a Puffy face

A

Myedema (Gull disease)

110
Q

This disease shows with a sign of weight gain

A

Myedema (Gull disease)

111
Q

This disease is the hypothyroidism developing in adults, deposition of excess mucoprotein in skin of forearm, Leg, feet

A

Myxedema (Gull disease)

112
Q

Myxedema is when the skin becomes infiltrated by what?

A

infiltrated by mucopolysaccharides

113
Q

Hashimoto’s disease is also called what?

A

chronic autoimmune thyroiditis

114
Q

Most common cause of primary
hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s disease

115
Q

Associated with the enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)

A

Hashimoto’s disease

116
Q

Hashimoto’s disease is associated with the enlargement of the what?

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)

117
Q

This disease shows a high TSH and positive TPO in laboratory results?

A

Hashimoto’s disease

118
Q

What is the laboratory results in Hashimoto’s disease?

A
  1. High TSH
  2. Positive TPO (Thyroid peroxidase antibody test)
119
Q

This disease is a type of hypothyroidism developing in infancy/early childhood, due
to maternal iodine deficiency

A

Cretinism

120
Q

Cretinism is due to what?

A

due to maternal iodine deficiency.

121
Q

This disorder is associated with an impaired skeletal development

A

Cretinism

122
Q

This disorder is associated with an impaired CNS development

A

Cretinism

123
Q

This is the inadequate maternal thyroid hormone prior to fetal thyroid gland formation

A

Cretinism

124
Q

Cretinism is the inadequate maternal thyroid hormone prior to what?

A

prior to fetal thyroid gland formation

125
Q

This disorder is associated with severe mental retardation

A

Cretinism

126
Q

This disorder is associated with dwarfism and stunted growth

A

Cretinism

127
Q

Refers to an excess of circulating thyroid hormone.

A

Hyperthyroidism

128
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Tremors
129
Q

It refers to the involuntary twitching
movement

A

Tremors

130
Q

Hyperthyroidism refers to an excess of what?

A

excess of circulating thyroid hormone.

131
Q

elevated T3 and T4

Primary hyperthyroidism or secondary hyperthyroidism

A

Primary

132
Q

Decreased TSH

Primary hyperthyroidism or secondary hyperthyroidism

A

Primary

133
Q

Increased FT4 and TSH

Primary hyperthyroidism or secondary hyperthyroidism

A

Secondary

134
Q

Increased FT4 and TSH is due to what?

A

Due to primary lesion in the pituitary gland

135
Q

What are laboratory results in primary hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Elevated T3 and T4
  2. Decreased TSH
136
Q

What are the laboratory results in secondary hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Increased FT3
  2. Increased TSH
137
Q

Grave’s disease is also called …

A

diffuse toxic goiter

138
Q

It is also called diffuse toxic goiter

A

Grave’s disease

139
Q

Most common cause of endogenous
hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis.

A

Graves disease

140
Q

Grave’s disease is the most common cause of what?

A

Most common cause of endogenous
hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis

141
Q

It is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that activate the TSH receptor

A

Grave’s dsease

142
Q

Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that activate the what?

A

activate the TSH receptor

143
Q

This disease is 6x more common in women

A

Grave’s disease

144
Q

How common is Grave’s disease in women?

A

6x more common

145
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Grave’s disease?

A
  1. Bulgin eyes
  2. Pritibial myxedema
146
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of cretinism?

A
  1. Dwarfism and stunted growth
  2. Often deaf and mute
  3. Severe mental retardation
  4. Impaired skeletal development
  5. Impaired CNS development
147
Q

What is the diagnostic test for Graves disease?

A

TSH receptor antibody test

148
Q

T3 Thyrotoxicosisis also called …

A

Plummer’s Disease

149
Q

What are the laboratory results of T3 Thyrotoxicosis?

A
  1. FT3 increased
  2. FT4 normal
  3. Low TSH
150
Q

FT3 increased but FT4
normal with low TSH indicates what disease?

A

T3 Thyrotoxicosis or Plummer’s Disease

151
Q

What are the laboratory results for T4 Thyrotoxicosis?

A
  1. T3 normal or low
  2. T4 increased
  3. low TSH
152
Q

T3 normal or low but T4 increased with low TSH indicated what type of thyrotoxicosis?

A

T4 thyrotoxicosis

153
Q

This disease is a chronic inflammatory disease (mass)

A

Riedel’s Thyroditis

154
Q

This disease is when the thyroid turns into a woody or stony-hard mass.

A

Riedel’s Thyroditis

155
Q

Riedel’s thyroditis is when the thyroid turns into a what?

A

turns into a woody or stony-hard mass

156
Q

What are the 11 thyroid fnction tests?

6T SPRR

A
  1. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test)
  2. TSH Test
  3. Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay
  4. Thyroxine Binding Globulin
  5. T3 UPTAKE
  6. Total T3, Free T3 and Free T4
  7. Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)
  8. Serum calcitonin
  9. Pentagastrin (Pg) Stimulation Test
  10. Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)
  11. Reverse T3 (rT3)
157
Q

This measures the relationship between the TRH and TSH secretions.

A

TRH-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test)

158
Q

It is used to confirm borderline cases and euthyroid Grave’s disease

A

TRH-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test)

159
Q

TRH-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test) measure the relationship between what?

A

between the TRH and TSH secretions.

160
Q

TRH-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (stimulation test) is use to confirm what?

A

to confirm borderline cases and euthyroid Grave’s disease

161
Q

It is the most important thyroid function test

A

TSH test

162
Q

It is the best method for detecting clinically significant thyroid dysfunction.

A

TSH test

163
Q

TSH test is the best method for detecting what?

A

for detecting clinically significant thyroid dysfunction.

164
Q

TSH test is a clinically sensitive assay for detction of what?

A

fo the detection of primar tyroid disorders

165
Q

It is used to measure the ability of the thyroid gland to trap
iodine.

A

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)

166
Q

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) is used to measure what?

A

to measure the ability of the thyroid gland to trap iodine.

167
Q

This is helpful in establishing the cause of hyperthyroidism.

A

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)

168
Q

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) is helpful in establishing the cause of what?

A

the cause of hyperthyroidism

169
Q

High uptake + TSH Deficiency =

A

Autonomous Thyroid Activity.

170
Q

It is normally used as a postoperative marker of thyroid cancer.

A

Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay

171
Q

Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay is normally used as a postoperative marker of what?

A

postoperative marker of thyroid cancer

172
Q

Used in monitoring the course of metastatic or recurrence of thyroid cancer.

A

Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay

173
Q

Thyroglobulin (Tg) assay is used in monitoring what?

A

in monitoring the course of metastatic or recurrence thyroid cancer.

174
Q

Formed by the removal of one iodine from the inner ring of T4.

A

Reverse T3 (rT3)

175
Q

It is an endproduct of T4 metabolism

A

Reverse T3 (rT3)

176
Q

Reverse T3 (rT3) is formed by what?

A

by the removal of one iodine

177
Q

Reverse T3 (rT3) is formed by the removal of one iodine from what?

A

from the inner ring of T4

178
Q

Reverse T3 (rT3) is an endproduct of what?

A

T4 metabolism

179
Q

It indirectly assesses the level of FREE T4 in blood.

A

Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)

180
Q

It is based on the equilibrium relationship of bound T4 and FT4.

A

Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)

181
Q

Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) indirectly assesses the level of what?

A

the level of FREE T4 in blood.

182
Q

Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) is based on the equilibrium relationship of what?

A

relationship of bound T4 and FT4.

183
Q

THE VALUES are used to confirm hyperthyroidism

A

Total T3, Free T3 and Free T4

184
Q

The values in Total T3, Free T3 and Free T4 are used to confirm what?

A

to confirm hyperthyroidism

185
Q

T3 UPTAKE is not a measure of T3 SERUM LEVEL

true or false

A

true

186
Q

This measures the number of available binding sites of the thyroxine-binding proteins, most notably TBG.

A

T3 UPTAKE

187
Q

It helps in the diagnosis of patient having elevated T3 and T4 levels but no correlation with the other thyroid function test, or not compatible with clinical findings.

A

Thyroxine Binding Globulin

188
Q

Thyroxine Binding Globulin helps in the diagnosis of patient having what?

A

having elevated T3 and T4
levels

189
Q

This leads to increased serum levels T3 and T4 , but the unbound or free form of these hormones in the blood remain unchanged.

A

TBG EXCESS

190
Q

TBG EXCESS leads to increased serum levels T3 and T4 , but the what form of these hormones in the blood remain unchanged?

A

unbound or free form

191
Q

TBG EXCESS leads to increased serum levels T3 and T4 , but the what form of these hormones in the blood remain unchanged?

A

unbound or free form

192
Q

It is a tumor marker for detecting residual thyroid metastasis in MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (MTC)

A

Serum calcitonin

193
Q

Serum calcitonin is a tumor marker for detecting what?

A

for detecting residual thyroid metastasis

194
Q

Serum calcitonin is a tumor marker for detecting residual thyroid metastasis in what?

A

residual thyroid metastasis in
MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (MTC)

195
Q

It shoud be measured before and 6 months after surgery.

A

Serum calcitonin

196
Q

Serum calcitonin shoud be measured how long after surgery?

A

before and 6 months after surgery.

197
Q

It is used for the diagnosis of MTC

A

Pentagastrin (Pg) Stimulation Test

198
Q

Pentagastrin (Pg) Stimulation Test is used for the diagnosis of what?

A

for the diagnosis of MTC

Clin Chem 2 (Laboratory) (5 decks)

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