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Clin Chem 2 (Laboratory) > ENZYMES > Flashcards

ENZYMES Flashcards

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1
Q

They catalyze the transfer of amino groups and acids.

A

Transaminases

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2
Q

Transaminases catalyze the transfer of what?

A

amino groups and acids

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3
Q

This is an important reaction in the synthesis and degradation of amino acids.

A

Transaminases

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4
Q

Transaminases are an important reaction in what?

A

synthesis and degradation of amino acids.

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5
Q

This transfers an amino group between aspartate and keto acids

A

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

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6
Q

Aspartate transaminase (AST) transfers an amino group between what?

A

between aspartate and keto acids

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7
Q

What is the reaction for AST?

A

(aspartate + α-ketoglutarate AST→ oxaloacetate + glutamate)

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8
Q

This is the coenzyme in AST

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6)

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9
Q

AST exists in where?

CtRLSm

A

cardiac tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and RBCs

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10
Q

Three major approaches are taken in the measurement of total activity.

True or false

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What are the three major approaches are taken in the measurement of total activity?

A
  1. The reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine couples color reagent with keto acid product.
  2. The reaction with diazonium salts couples the salt with the keto acid product and forms a color.
  3. The coupled enzyme assay (Karmen method) involves NADH and malate dehydrogenase and keto acid to form NAD.
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12
Q

The reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine couples color reagent with what?

A

with keto acid product.

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13
Q

The reaction with diazonium salts couples the salt with what?

A

with the keto acid product and forms a color.

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14
Q

The reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine couples what?

A

couples color reagent

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15
Q

The reaction with diazonium salts couples the what?

A

Salt

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16
Q

What is the product of the reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine?

A

keto acid product.

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17
Q

What is the product for a reaction with diazonium salts?

A

salt with the keto acid product and forms a color.

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18
Q

The clinical significance of AST elevations is that the elevations occur in what?

A

in patients with myocardial infarction, viral hepatitis, and skeletal muscle disease.

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19
Q

This is used to evaluate hepatocellular disorders

A

AST

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20
Q

AST is used to evaluate what disorder?

A

hepatocellular disorders

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21
Q

AST is up to 100 times upper reference limit in what disease?

A

viral hepatitis

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22
Q

Up to how many times is the upper reference limit for viral hepatitis?

A

up to 100 times upper reference limit in viral hepatitis

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23
Q

They are up to 20 times upper reference limit in what disease?

A

infectious mononucleosis

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24
Q

up to how many times is the upper reference limit in infectious mononucleosis?

A

20 times

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25
Q

They are up to 4 times upper reference
limit in what disease?

A

cirrhosis

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26
Q

up to how many times is the upper reference
limit in cirrhosis?

A

4 times

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27
Q

They are up to 8 times upper reference limit in what disease?

A

skeletal muscle disorders

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28
Q

up to how many times is the upper reference limit in skeletal muscle disorders?

A

8 times

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29
Q

up to how many times is the upper reference limit in pulmonary emboli?

A

3 times

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30
Q

They are up to 3 times upper reference limit in what disease?

A

pulmonary emboli (and acute pancreatitis??)

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31
Q

What is/are the source/s of error for AST?

A

Hemolysis

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32
Q

Aspartate transaminase is also known as …

A

SGOT

Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic transaminase

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33
Q

catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate with the formation of glutamate and pyruvate.

A

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

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34
Q

Alanine transaminase (ALT) catalyzes the transfer of what?

A

of an amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate

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35
Q

ALT is with the formation of what?

A

glutamate and pyruvate.

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36
Q

ALT is localized where?

SHLR

A

in the liver, with some in the heart, skeletal muscle, and RBCs.

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37
Q

The measurement of total activity of ALT is similar to the reactions of AST, except for what?

A

except that the coupled enzyme assay uses lactate dehydrogenase to reduce pyruvate to lactate and oxidize NADH.

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38
Q

Why is lactate dehydrogenase used in AST?

A

to reduce pyruvate to lactate and oxidize NADH.

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39
Q

In AST, this is used to reduce pyruvate to lactate and oxidize NADH.

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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39
Q

In ALT, this is used to reduce pyruvate to lactate and oxidize NADH.

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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40
Q

The clinical significance of ALT is in the what?

A

in the evaluation of hepatocellular disorders.

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41
Q

What are 2 examples of hepatocellular disorders?

A

hepatitis, cirrhosis

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42
Q

These are disorders that exhibit higher ALT levels than intra- or extrahepatic obstruction.

A

Hepatocellular disorders

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43
Q

Hepatocellular disorders (hepatitis, cirrhosis) exhibit lower ALT levels than intra- or extrahepatic obstruction.

True or False

A

False

higher ALT levels

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44
Q

ALT is more specific for liver disease than AST

True or False

A

TRUE

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45
Q

ALT, in conjunction with an decreased AST, is used to assess liver involvement with diagnosis of an AMI.

True or false

A

FALSE

increased AST

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46
Q

It is used to assess liver involvement with diagnosis of an AMI.

A

ALT in conjunction with an elevated AST

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47
Q

ALT, in conjunction with an elevated AST, is
used to assess what?

A

to assess liver involvement with diagnosis of an AMI.

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48
Q

ALT exhibits a significant increase in
muscular dystrophy

true or false

A

false

does not exhibit

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49
Q

It is not affected in cases of pulmonary emboli or acute pancreatitis.

A

ALT

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50
Q

AST is not affected in cases of pulmonary emboli or acute pancreatitis.

True or False

A

FALSE

ALT

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51
Q

ALT is not affected in cases of what?

A

in cases of pulmonary emboli or acute pancreatitis

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52
Q

ALT does not exhibit a significant increase in what?

A

muscular dystrophy

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53
Q

Source of error of ALT

A

Slight hemolysis does not interfere

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54
Q

ALP has high concentrations are found on what tissue locations?

PLiBKInS

A

in liver, bone, intestines, spleen, kidney, and placenta

55
Q

ALP has the lowest concentrations are found in liver, bone, intestines, spleen, kidney, and placenta.

True or false

A

false

highest concentrations

56
Q

ALP is found on cell surfaces, in sinusoidal and bile canalicular membranes in the what?

A

in the liver, and in bone osteoblasts.

57
Q

This is found on cell surfaces, in sinusoidal and bile canalicular membranes in the liver, and in bone osteoblasts.

A

Alkaline phosphatase

58
Q

ALP is found on what parts in the liver, and in bone osteoblasts?

A

on the cell surfaces, in sinusoidal and bile canalicular membranes

59
Q

In normal adult serum, ALP is mainly of liver origin, with a small amount from bone.

True or False

A

TRUE

60
Q

Increased serum ALP levels are seen in WHAT?

A

in hepatobiliary disease and bone disorders

61
Q

Increased serum ALP levels are seen in hepatobiliary disease and bone disorders (with osteoblastic involvement)

True or false

A

TRUE

62
Q

In hepatobiliary disorders, the increased levels are due to what?

A

due to obstructive disease

63
Q

ALP levels are increased more significantly than ALT and AST.

True or false

A

True

64
Q

In biliary tract obstruction, synthesis of ALP is induced by what?

A

induced by cholestasis

65
Q

This causes serum ALP levels to rise 3 to 10 times the upper reference limit.

A

the synthesis of ALP is induced by cholestasis in biliary obstruction

66
Q

In biliary tract obstruction, synthesis of ALP is induced by cholestasis, which causes serum ALP levels to rise up to how many times?

A

e 3 to 10 times the upper reference limit

67
Q

The elevation of ALP is usually greater in cases of what?

A

in cases of extrahepatic obstruction

68
Q

The elevation is usually greater in cases of intrahepatic obstruction in contrast to extrahepatic obstruction.

True or false

A

False

greater in cases extrahepatic obstruction than intrahepatic obstruction

68
Q

hepatitis and cirrhosis are classified as hepatocellular conditions

True or false

A

true

69
Q

In hepatocellular conditions, like hepatitis and cirrhosis, ALP rises up to how many times?

A

up to 3 times the upper reference limit.

70
Q

Highest elevations of ALP are seen in what?

A

Paget disease

71
Q

Paget disease is due to very high elevations of ALP

True or false

A

true

72
Q

ALP levels increase with what?

A

with healing bone fractures.

73
Q

Increased serum ALP levels are seen in hypophosphatasia

True or false

A

false

Decreased serum ALP

74
Q

Decreased serum ALP levels are seen in what?

A

hypophosphatasia

75
Q

Why are decreased serum ALP levels in hypophosphatasia?

A

because of lack of ALP bone isoenzyme

76
Q

This disorder is characterized by insufficient bone calcification.

A

hypophosphatasia

77
Q

hypophosphatasia is characterized by what?

A

characterized by insufficient bone calcification.

78
Q

Source of error of ALP

A

Hemolysis

79
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that have hemolysis as a source of error?

A
  1. ALP
  2. AST
  3. LIPASE
80
Q

What is the tissue locations of amylase? SiSg Pa FO

A

Found in pancreas, salivary glands, small intestine, fallopian tubes, and other tissues

81
Q

Increased serum levels in acute pancreatitis in amylase occur in how many hours after the onset of pain?

A

2-12 hours after the onset of pain

82
Q

What is the peak value in increased serum levels in acute pancreatitis in amylase after the oonset of pain?

A

with peak
values in 24 hours

83
Q

After the 24-hour peak value after the onset of pain in increased serum levels in acute pancreatitis in amylase, in how many days will it return to normal?

A

return to normal in 3-4 days.

84
Q

Amylase is increased in what?

PPRC MIMA

A
  • Mumps
  • perforated peptic ulcer
  • intestinal obstruction
  • cholecystitis
  • ruptured ectopic
  • pregnancy
  • mesenteric infarction
  • acute appendicitis
85
Q

What is the source of error in amylase?

A
  • : In hyperlipidemia, triglycerides suppress AMS activity
  • morphine and other opiates falsely elevate AMS levels
86
Q

What is the tissue location of lipase? LIPAst

A

Found in pancreas, with lesser amounts in gastric mucosa, intestinal mucosa, adipose tissue.

87
Q

Increased serum levels in lipase in acute pancreatitis occur in how many hours after the onset of pain?

A

occur in 4-8 hours after the onset of pain

88
Q

After the 24-hour peak value after the onset of pain in increased serum levels in acute pancreatitis in lipase, in how many days will it return to normal?

A

return to normal in 8-14 days

89
Q

What is the peak value in increased serum levels in acute pancreatitis in lipase after the onset of pain?

A

peak values in 24 hours

90
Q

Lipase is increased in what?

D’PIC

A
  • Perforated peptic ulcer
  • duodenal ulcers
  • intestinal obstruction
  • cholecystitis.
91
Q

Sources of error for lipase

A

Hemolysis because hemoglobin inhibits LPS activit

92
Q

This inhibits lipase activity

A

Hemoglobin

93
Q

Slight hemolysis interferes with ALT

true or false

A

false

does not interfere

94
Q

Slight hemolysis interferes with ALT

true or false

A

false

does not interfere

95
Q

What is the method used for ALT/SGPT??

A

Frankel Reitman

96
Q

These are enzymes that catalyzes the intra-conversion of keto acids and amino acids

A

transaminase

97
Q

The transaminase are enzymes that catalyzes the
intra-conversion of what?

A

keto acids and amino acids

98
Q

dinitrophenylhydrazine is measured at how many nanometers?

A

490-550nm

99
Q

What is the normal range for ALP?

A

0 – 30 U/L

100
Q

What is the borderline range for ALP?

A

31 – 45 U/L

101
Q

wHAT IS THE RANGE FOR POST CARDIAC INFARACTION in ALP?

A

45 – 100

102
Q

What is the range for LIVER NECROSIS interpretation in ALT?

A

100 – 2000+

103
Q

What is the interpretation if results range from 100 – 2000+ in ALT?

A

LIVER NECROSIS

104
Q

What is the interpretation if the results range from 31 – 45 U/L in ALT?

A

borderline

105
Q

What is the interpretation if the results range from 45 – 100 in ALT?

A

POST CARDIAC INFARCTION

106
Q

What is the intrpretation if the result range from 0 – 30 U/L in ALT?

A

Normal

107
Q

What is the method used for SGOT/AST?

A

Frankel Reitman

108
Q

How many minutes and for how long must AST be incubated for?

A

30 mins at 37C

109
Q

How many minutes and for how long must ALT be incubated for?

A

15 mins, 37C

110
Q

What is the normal range for AST?

A

0 – 40 U/L

111
Q

What is the range for BORDERLINE interpretation in AST?

A

41 – 50 U/L

112
Q

What is the range for POST CARDIAC INFARCTION interpretation in AST?

A

50 – 400+

113
Q

What is the range for LIVER NECROSIS interpretation in AST?

A

50 – 1000+

114
Q

What is the interpretation if the results range from 0 – 40 U/L in AST?

A

normal

115
Q

What is the interpretation if the results range from 41 – 50 U/L in AST?

A

BORDERLINE

116
Q

What is the interpretation if the results range from 50 – 400+ U/L in AST?

A

POST CARDIAC INFARCTION

117
Q

What is the interpretation if the results range from50 – 1000+ U/L in AST?

A

LIVER NECROSIS

118
Q

What is the method used for AMYLASE?

A

Caraway, Modified

119
Q

How long at at what temperature must amylase be incubated for?

A

5 mins, 37C

120
Q

Invert to mix and read %T/absorbance at ????
against Water Blank.

A

610/640 nm

121
Q

For Statfax: use Absorbance mode at 500nm against
water blank.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

600 nm

122
Q

For Statfax: use Absorbance mode at 500nm against
water blank.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

600 nm

123
Q

What is the normal range for amylase?

A

60-180 U/L

124
Q

What method is used for LIPASE?

A

Tietz-Fiereck Turbidimetric Assay

125
Q

Lipase buffer must be at pH of what?

A

pH 7.0

126
Q

The decrease in turbidity at 550 nm is proportional to the lipase activity of the serum.

True or false

A

TRUE

127
Q

The lipolytic action of lipase in the serum hydrolyze the olive oil emulsion to fatty acids, mono- and diglycerides and glycerol

true or false

A

true

128
Q

What is the normal reference range for lipase?

A

30 – 200U/L by CLSI

129
Q

Increased levels of lipase are associated with what diseases?

acute acute pic

A
  1. Acute peritonitis.
  2. acute pancreatitis
  3. perforated peptic ulcer
  4. , intestinal obstruction
  5. carcinoma of pancreas
130
Q

It is generally agreed that lipase values have about the same significance as amylase values in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.

true or false

A

true

131
Q

It is generally agreed that lipase values have about the same significance as amylase values in the diagnosis of what?

A

acute pancreatitis.

132
Q

the serum lipase activity may rise more slowly than the serum amylase, but it may remain elevated for a longer time so that it may be more useful in the diagnosis and follow up of acute pancreatitis DURING WHAT?

A

During pancreatic disturbances,

133
Q

During pancreatic disturbances, the serum lipase activity may rise faster than the serum amylase, but it may remain elevated for a longer time so that it may be more useful in the diagnosis and follow up of acute pancreatitis.

true or false

A

false

may rise more slowly

Clin Chem 2 (Laboratory) (5 decks)

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