Thyroid Dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

what is a goitre

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland when it is over stimulated

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2
Q

what is hypothyroidism

A

when the thyroid gland is not producing enough of the thyroid hormones

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3
Q

what are symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

obesity, bradycardia, hoarse voice, slow reflexes, tiredness, cold intolerance, menorrhagia, puffy face/hands/feet, loss of outer 1/3 eyebrow, non pitting oedema

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4
Q

what happens to the TSH levels in hypothyroidism

A

they increase

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5
Q

what causes hypothyroidism

A
TSH/TRH deficiency 
inadequate iodine 
autoimmunity 
congenital 
surgical removal of thyroid gland
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6
Q

what condition is seen in children with hypothyroidism and what are the features of this

A

cretinism - dwarfed statue, mental deficiency, poor bone development, slow pulse, muscle weakness

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7
Q

what condition is seen in adults with hypothyroidism and what are the features of this

A

myxedema - thick puffy skin, muscle weakness, slow speech, mental deterioration, intolerance to cold

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8
Q

what is the autoimmune disease causing hypothyroidism and what are the treatments

A

Hashimoto’s disease

treatment = oral thyroid hormone

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9
Q

what is the autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

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10
Q

what causes hyperthyroidism

A
  • autoimmune
  • toxic multinodular goitre
  • drugs
  • thyroid carcinoma
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11
Q

what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, weakness, increased appetite, hyper reflexive, amenorrhea, tiredness, warm sweaty hands, bounding pulse, lid lag, staring eyes

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12
Q

how does Graves’ disease work

A

causes the production of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin which stimulates thyroid hormone secretion

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13
Q

what happens to the TSH levels in hyperthyroidism

A

decrease

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14
Q

what radioisotope is used to scan the thyroid gland

A

technetium 99

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15
Q

what drug is used to treat overactive thyroid

A

carbimazole

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16
Q

what does carbimazole do

A

its a pro drug which is converted into methimazole in the body which prevents thyroid peroxidase from coupling the iodinating tyrosines on the thyroglobulin

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17
Q

what is lingual thyroid

A

where part of the thyroid gland stays on the tongue as it didn’t migrate down during development

18
Q

why does a thyroglossal duct cyst form

A

when not all of the thyroglossal duct disappears during development

19
Q

where are thyroglossal duct cysts found

A

on the anterior part of the neck in the midline

20
Q

what causes the thyroglossal cyst to move upwards

A

tongue protrusion

21
Q

what is an adenoma

A

benign tumour of the glandular epithelia tissue

22
Q

what causes the majority of thyroid diseases

A

primary abnormality of the thyroid gland itself

23
Q

why is there such a wide range for normal thyroid hormone levels

A

the hypothalamus is constantly responding to the changes in the environment

24
Q

what 3 classifications of goitres are there

A
  • diffuse (affecting the whole thyroid)
  • multinodular
  • single nodule
25
Q

in which gender are goitres more prevalent in

A

females

26
Q

what is a physiological goitre

A

swelling of the thyroid gland however there is still normal thyroid function

27
Q

what is the most common cause globally of goitre

A

iodine deficiency - the reduced thyroxine levels leads to increased TSH leading to thyroid enlargement (usually nodular)

28
Q

in which areas is iodine deficiency seen

A

mountainous areas (as theres iodine in the sea)

29
Q

what is the most common cause of goitre in the uk

A

Multinodular goitre where the cause is unknown. It may cause hyperthyroidism making it a toxic multinodular goitre

30
Q

what happens to the child if the mother is iodine deficient in pregnancy

A

the child may develop mental retardation, abnormal gait, short statue, goitre and hypothyrodism

31
Q

what is a retrosternal multinodular goitre

A

where a multinodular goitre enlarges inferiorly compressing the trachea

32
Q

what is thyrotoxicosis

A

excessive amount of thyroid hormones

33
Q

what is lid lag

A

delay of moving the eyelid down as the eye moves down

34
Q

what is staring eye

A

when the levator palpebrae superioris muscle is constantly stimulated due to the increased sympathetic stimulation

35
Q

what causes hyperthyroidism

A
  • autoimmune
  • toxic multinodular goitre
  • toxic adenoma
36
Q

what is seen in graves disease

A

Exopthalmos (bulging of the eyes)

Pre-tibial myxoedema

37
Q

what is myxoedema

A

non pitting oedema due to depositions of mucopolysaccharides

38
Q

how does a toxic adenoma cause hyperthyroidism

A

the adenoma can independently produce thyroxine

39
Q

what are the treatments for hyperthyroidism

A
  • carbimazole
  • thyroidectomy
  • radioactive iodine
40
Q

true or false: thyroid cancers cause hypothyroidism

A

false - they do not cause either hypo or hyper

41
Q

what 3 causes of goitres have no metabolic affects

A
  • thyroid cancer
  • iodine deficiency
  • multinodular goitre
42
Q

what 4 causes of a goitre also cause metabolic dysfunction

A
  • graves
  • hashimotos
  • toxic adenoma
  • toxic multinodular goitre