Nutrition

Question 1

What are catabolic processes

Answer 1

Break down of molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

Question 2

What are anabolic processes

Answer 2

Using energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and repair

Question 3

What is the definition of energy

Answer 3

The capacity to do work

Question 4

What 5 things do living things require energy for

Answer 4

Biosynthetic work, transport, mechanical work, electrical work and osmotic work

Question 5

What type of energy do cells use to drive their energy requiring activities

Answer 5

Chemical bond energy

Question 6

What are the units for food energy

Answer 6

Kilojoules

Question 7

How many kilojoules are in a kcal

Answer 7

4.2

Question 8

How many carbons does glucose have

Answer 8

6

Question 9

What are monosaccharides

Answer 9

Carbohydrates made up of a single sugar unit

Question 10

What are oligosaccharides

Answer 10

Carbohydrates made up of 3-12 sugar units

Question 11

What is sucrose made up of

Answer 11

Glucose and fructose

Question 12

What is lactose made up of

Answer 12

Galactose and glucose

Question 13

What is starch made up of

Answer 13

Polymer of glucose

Question 14

What is glycogen made up of

Answer 14

Polymer of glucose

Question 15

How many essential amino acids are there

Answer 15

9

Question 16

Why are some amino acids essential

Answer 16

They can’t be synthesised and so must be obtained from the diet

Question 17

What are the 9 essential amino acids

Answer 17

Isoleucine, Lysine, Threonine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine

Question 18

What are lipids made up of

Answer 18

Triacylglycerols (3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol)

Question 19

Deficiencies in B12 and folate result in what

Answer 19

Anaemia

Question 20

What is the daily energy expenditure the sum of

Answer 20

Basal metabolic rate, diet- induced thermogenesis and physical activity level

Question 21

What is the basal metabolic rate

Answer 21

Energy used to maintain resting activities of the body

Question 22

Which part of the body uses the most energy from the basal metabolic rate

Answer 22

Skeletal muscle (30%)

Question 23

What factors affect basal metabolic rate

Answer 23

Body size, gender, temperature

Question 24

what is metabolism

Answer 24

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

Question 25

what 4 pathways are involved in metabolism

Answer 25

oxidative, detoxification, biosynthetic and storage

Question 26

which bond is broken in ATP to release energy

Answer 26

the last phosphodiester bond between the gamma and beta phosphate groups

Question 27

when are proteins used as a source of energy

Answer 27

in starvation

Question 28

what 7 components make up our diet

Answer 28

carbohydrates, proteins, fat, minerals, vitamins, water and fibre

Question 29

what is the carbohydrate store in humans

Answer 29

glycogen

Question 30

which type of people may have more than 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 30

children and pregnant women as these extra amino acids are needed for rapid growth

Question 31

true or false: proteins of a plant origin are of high quality

Answer 31

false - most plants don't have all the essential amino acids unlike protein from animal origin

Question 32

what are the 3 types of fat

Answer 32

saturated, unsaturated and trans

Question 33

why are trans fat used in food production

Answer 33

they increase shelf life of food

Question 34

why do fats yield the most energy when oxidised

Answer 34

they have less oxygen so give more energy when oxidised

Question 35

what are the 2 essential fatty acids

Answer 35

linoleic and linolenic acids

Question 36

what are the fat soluble vitamins

Answer 36

A, D, E, K

Question 37

what are the minerals calcium and phosphate essential for

Answer 37

structure (bone and teeth)

Question 38

which minerals are cofactors for enzymes

Answer 38

iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper and zinc

Question 39

despite cellulose and starch both being glucose polymers, why cant they both be broken down in digestion

Answer 39

cellulose contains beta,1-4 linkages which we don't have the enzymes to break down unlike the alpha,1-4 bonds in starch

Question 40

how does fibre reduce cholesterol levels

Answer 40

fibres prevent bile salt being reabsorbed so that they form part of the faeces. Cholesterol is used to make bile salts so is lost with the bile salts

Question 41

what is fibre essential for

Answer 41

normal functioning of the GI tract

Question 42

what is the recommended intake of fibre

Answer 42

18g/day

Question 43

what is the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)

Answer 43

the estimate of the amount of protein, vitamins and minerals needed by 97.5% of the population

Question 44

what is the estimated average requirement (EAR)

Answer 44

the estimated amount of energy needed. | Approximately 50% of the population will require more than this and the other 50% will require less

Question 45

what are dietary reference values

Answer 45

estimates about the amount of nutrients and energy needed by different groups

Question 46

what is the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake

Answer 46

The amount of a nutrient or energy  which is sufficient for only a few individuals (2.5%) the rest of the population will need more

Question 47

what is safe intake

Answer 47

this is used when there is insufficient data . it is the intake at which there is no risk of deficiency

Question 48

what is diet induced thermogenesis

Answer 48

energy required to process food

Question 49

which type of tissue allows for long term store of energy

Answer 49

adipose

Question 50

what is obesity

Answer 50

excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health. Having a BMI over 30

Question 51

what diseases are associated with obesity

Answer 51

cardiovascular disease, cancers and type 2 diabetes

Question 52

how do you calculate BMI

Answer 52

weight (KG)/ height squared (m)

Question 53

what is the range for a normal BMI

Answer 53

18.5-24.9

Question 54

what is the weakness of using BMI values

Answer 54

muscular individuals may be classed as overweight

Question 55

how does a low protein intake lead to oedema

Answer 55

the liver produces less albumin, reducing the blood oncotic pressure. This means that less fluid moves back into the capillaries in the venous end

Question 56

what is the normal level of glucose in the blood

Answer 56

3.3-6 mmol/L

Question 57

What is marasmus

Answer 57

Deficiency in all nutrients so you have inadequate energy intake

Question 58

What is kwashiorkor

Answer 58

Protein deficiency but adequate energy intake

Question 59

What happens to the liver of children with kwashiorkor

Answer 59

Contains significant amounts of fats (fatty liver) as there's no proteins to make enzymes and transporters to move fats out or metabolise them so they build up

Question 60

Why do children with kwashiorkor have very low albumin concentrations

Answer 60

They don't have the protein intake to produce albumin as they have no amino acids

Question 61

Why do people with kwashiorkor have oedema

Answer 61

There's less serum albumin so have a lower oncotic pressure in their capillaries

Question 62

Why should you only give very small amount of food to start with to people with marasmus and kwashiorkor

Answer 62

They have a decreased regulation of enzymes so increasing protein means they get a build up of ammonia