Spleen, WBC and Cytopenia Flashcards

1
Q

what does the spleen consist of

A

red pulp and white pulp

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2
Q

what is red pulp

A

sinuses lined by endothelial macrophages where RBC are filtered

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3
Q

what is white pulp

A

lymphoid follicles which give an active immune response due to their large amounts of B and T lymphocytes

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4
Q

why can you get weight loss with an enlarged spleen

A

the spleen pressures of the stomach so it cant expand fully making you feel fuller easier

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5
Q

give 4 functions of the spleen in adults

A
  • phagocytosis of old RBC by macrophages
  • blood pooling (platelets and RBCs can be mobilised rapidly)
  • extramedullary haemopoiesis
  • immunological function
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6
Q

what causes splenomegaly

A
  • portal hypertension
  • overworking red/white pulp
  • extramedullary haemopoiesis
  • infiltrating cells (cancer or granulomas)
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7
Q

what are the causes of massive, moderate and mild splenomegaly

A
massive = leukaemia, myleofibrosis. malaria 
moderate = portal hypertension, glandular fever 
mild = hepatitis, endocarditis, sarcoidosis
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8
Q

what is hypersplenism

A

where pancytopenia or thrombocytopenia cause pooling of the blood giving an enlarged spleen

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9
Q

what are the complications of splenomegaly

A
  • rupture to form a haematoma

- parts of the spleen can be cut off from the blood supply causing areas of infarction

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10
Q

what is hyposplenism

A

lack of functioning splenic tissue

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11
Q

what causes hyposplenism

A
  • splenectomy
  • sickle cell
  • coeliac
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12
Q

what is seen histologically in hyposplenism

A

Howell Jolly Bodies (parts of DNA)

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13
Q

what 3 organisms are people with hyposplenism particularly at risk of developing sepsis from

A

Pnemococcus, Haemophilius influenza and Meningococcus

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14
Q

what is cytopenia

A

reduction in the number of blood cells

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15
Q

what is leucopenia

A

reduction in WBC

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16
Q

what is pancytopenia

A

reduction in RBC, WBC and platelets

17
Q

what gives more than 5 segments of a neutrophils nucleus

A

B12 deficiency

18
Q

what hormone controls neutrophil maturation

A

G-CSF which increases neutrophil production

19
Q

what can be administered to patients with neutropenia

A

recombinant G-CSF

20
Q

what causes neutrophillia

A

infection, tissue damage, inflammation, cancer, myeloproliferative diseases, drugs

21
Q

what is the neutrophil count in neutropenia

A

below 1.5x10*9

22
Q

what results in an increased removal of neutrophils

A
  • immune destruction
  • sepsis
  • splenic pooling
23
Q

what causes a reduced production of neutrophils

A
  • B12/folate deficiency
  • infiltration of bone marrow
  • empty bone marrow
  • radiation
  • drugs
  • viral infection
24
Q

what is an empty bone marrow called

A

aplastic anaemia

25
Q

what are the consequences of neutropenia

A
  • life threating bacterial and fungal infections
  • mucosal ulceration
  • neutropenic sepsis
26
Q

what are monocytes

A

cells found in the blood which differentiate into macrophages when they reach the tissues
- involved in phagocytosis and pinocytosis in response to inflammation and antigenic stimuli

27
Q

how long do eosinophils live

A

3-8 hours in circulation

8-12 days in tissues

28
Q

what do eosinophils do

A
  • destroy parasites
  • mediator of allergic response
  • phagocytosis of antigens
29
Q

what causes eosinophilia

A
  • allergic reactions
  • drug hypersensitivity
  • parasite infection
  • leukaemia
  • lymphoma
  • myeloproliferative conditions
30
Q

what are basophils

A

cells active in allergic response and inflammation

31
Q

what do the granules in basophils contain

A

histamine, heparin, hyaluronic acid and serotonin

32
Q

what causes lymphocytosis

A
  • viral infections
  • bacterial infections
  • post splenectomy
  • leukaemia
    lymphoma
33
Q

what causes an increased removal of cells to give pancytopenia

A
  • immune destruction
  • splenic pooling
  • haemophagocytosis
34
Q

what are the symptoms of pancytopenia

A
  • RBC = fatigue, dizziness, chest pain, short of breath
  • platelets = bruising, bleeding
  • neutrophils = infection, ulceration, fevers