Thyroid cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the thyroid sit?

A

C5-T1

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2
Q

Describe the general structure of the thyroid

A

2 lobes connected by isthmus

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3
Q

How is the superior aspect of the thyroid perfused?

A

Superior thyroid artery
Is a branch off the external carotid artery

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4
Q

How is the inferior aspect of the thyroid perfused?

A

Inferior thyroid artery
Is a branch off thyrocervical trunk which is a branch off the subclavian artery

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5
Q

What is the histology of the thyroid

A

Outer follicular cells which trap iodine from the circulation,

Inner colloid which is where T3 and T4 is synthesised and produces thyroglobulin

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6
Q

What is thyroglobulin used for?

A

Involved with iodide storage and thyroid hormonogenesis

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7
Q

Iodine is trapped and diffuses into the colloid where it binds to… to form…

A

tyrosine residues, to form T1 or T2

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8
Q

Where are the tyrosine residues which the iodine bind onto found?

A

Tyrosine residues are on thyroglobulin

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9
Q

What catalyses the binding of iodine to tyrosine residues?

A

TPO enzyme (thyroid peroxidase)

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10
Q

What stimulate the release of T1 and T2?

A

TSH-receptor binding

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11
Q

The release of T1 and T2 leads to…

A

formation of T3 (T1+T2) and T4 (T2+T2) which are released into the general circulation

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12
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma?

A

Papillary carcinoma

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13
Q

What types of thyroid cancer are there?

A

Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Anaplastic (many metastases)
Lymphoma
Medullary cell cancer

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14
Q

What are symptoms of thyroid cancer

A

Thyroid nodules, hard and irregular.

May have compression locally causing a hoarse voice (recurrent laryngeal nerve)

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15
Q

How do you diagnose a thyroid carcinoma?

A

Fine needle aspiration biopsy
Thyroid function tests
Ultrasound thyroid

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16
Q

How do you treat papillary or follicular thyroid cancer?

A

thyroidectomy or radioiodine

17
Q

How do you treat anaplastic thyroid cancer?

A

Mainly palliative

18
Q

Where are the most common metastases sites from thyroid carcinoma?

A

Lung
Bone
Liver
Brain