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Radiology > Thyroid and Ovarian > Flashcards

Thyroid and Ovarian Flashcards

1
Q

Develops in the first trimester as an

outgrowth of cells from the pharynx

A

Thyroid gland

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2
Q

Remnants of thyroid tissue can persist into
childhood or adulthood along this pathway
leading to _____.

A

thyroglossal cysts or nodules

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3
Q

Normal adult thyroid gland: two lobes

joined in the midline by an

A

isthmus

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4
Q

Normal location of thyroid gland

A

anterior and slightly

caudad to the cartilages of the larynx

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5
Q

divide the thyroid gland into

pseudolobules

A

fibrous septa

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6
Q

Overalla enlargement of the thyroid gland is called

A

goiter

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7
Q

Roles of ultrasound in thyroid imaging

A

Detect and characterize nodules and
determine which lesions require biopsy

Guide in fine needle aspiration biopsy of
thyroid nodules that are difficult to palpate

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8
Q

Preferred frequency for linear array transducers in thyroid imaging

A

High; 10MHz or higher

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9
Q

Frequency for patients with thick neck or extensive goiter

A

7-10MHz

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10
Q

If there are several masses or nodules found in thyroid ultrasound, this usually
indicates the presence of

If there is only one mass, it may be

A

enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter)

cancerous and needs further evaluation

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11
Q

Shows image of the blood circulation in the gland

A

Color Doppler flow studies

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12
Q

Examination used biopsy to help the physician guide the needle to the mass that needs to be evaluated.

Also useful to direct removal of fluid from acyst (aspiration)

A

Ultrasaound

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13
Q

Echogenecity of nodules likely to be maignant

A

hypoechoic

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14
Q

Areas of cystic change within the nodule should be identified because this indicates a lesion that is likely

malignant or benign?

A

benign

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15
Q

areas of calcification within the nodule
should also be assessed. Fine punctate areas of
calcification often appear sonographically as high
amplitude echoes without acoustic shadowing. These are typical for ____ (malignant or benign) calcifications related to _____.

A

malignant

Psammoma bodies

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16
Q

Echogenecity of benign lesions (thyroid)

A

In general, benign lesions are isoechoic or
echogenic compared to normal background
echogenicity of the thyroid.

17
Q

These nodules often have
a thin, well-defined hypoechoic halo on the
periphery of the lesion. There frequently are cystic
areas within these nodules.

A

Hyperplastic and adenomatous nodules

18
Q

Appearance of benign lesions (thyroid) in color doppler

A

avascular debris within
the nodules that have undergone hemorrhagic
degeneration. A fluid level may be noted in
nodules that have acute internal hemorrhage.

19
Q

Although calcification is relatively
uncommon with benign nodules, it is
frequently curvilinear and peripheral. This is
often referred to as _____

A

eggshell calcification

20
Q

Not infrequently, multiple adenomas or
hyperplastic nodules result in diffuse
enlargement of the gland with multi-focal
disease known as

A

multinodular goiter

21
Q

True cystic lesions of the thyroid are most
often colloid cysts. They are predominantly
anechoic but may have the presence of tiny
high amplitude echoes casting reverberation
artifacts known as _____ that are highly characteristic.

A

comet-tails

22
Q

Benign inflammatory condition: diffusely enlarged gland demonstrating
hypoechoic areas with a very disorganized
and heterogeneous pattern

Chronic: color Doppler may
demonstrate prominent vascularity within infected
areas

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

23
Q

The most common thyroid malignancy.

A

Papillary carcinoma

24
Q

characteristically a sequela of long-standing Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis with lymphocytic infiltration of the gland.

A

lymphoma

25
Q

Normal size of arahtroidgland in ultrasound

Pathologic size, appearance

A

<4mm

> 5mm, hypoechoic and
elongated mass between the posterior
longus colli muscle and anterior thyroid lobe

26
Q

increased
PTH secretion is the result of a parathyroid
tumor, usually a single adenoma.

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

27
Q

induced
by alterations renal function that cause a
hyperplasia of all parathyroid glands.

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

28
Q

hallmark of secondary hyperparathyroidism
or renal osteodystrophy. Appear as poorly
marginated broad bands of increased
radiopacity.

Commonly described in the
spine and appear as rugger-jersey
appearance.

A

osteosclerosis

29
Q

In a normal 28-day cycle, a single dominant
follicle enlarges between day ___ and day ___.
The mean diameter increases during this
time from 1.0 cm to 2.0 cm.

A

day 9 and day 14

30
Q

When the mean follicular diameter reaches
approximately 2 cm, ovulation is expected
within the next ___ hours.

A

24

31
Q

IT develops from a follicle or a
corpus luteum by spontaneous rupture of blood
vessels into the cystic cavity.

A

hemorrhagic cyst

32
Q 
cysts that may develop in conditions
associated with increased levels of human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), such as
hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma,
maternal-fetal Rh incompatibility
(erythroblastosis fetalis), multiple
pregnancies, and diabetes.
A

Theca lutein cyst

33
Q

dysfunctional hormonal cycles lead to chronic

anovulation beginning at menarche.

A

PCOS

34
Q

Clinical manifestations may include hirsutism,

obesity, infertility and oligomenorrhea.

A

PCOS

35
Q

in some patients with chronic
anovulation, the typical morphology is present:
large ovaries (>23 cc) and multiple (>10) small
follicles distributed in the periphery of each ovary
(cysts ranging up to 6 or 7 mm in diameter) giving
the so called ______

A

“string of pearls” appearance

36
Q

infrequent complication in

patients receiving drug therapy for infertility.

A

OHSS - Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

37
Q

commny used drugs in ohss

A

clomiphene citrate (Clomid) or human menopausal gonadotropins (hMGs)

Radiology (5 decks)

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