Thyroid and diabates Flashcards
What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
cold intolerance and weight gain
lethargy and weakness
constipation
bradycardia
myxedema
What are the causes of pirmary hypothyroidism?
Hashimtos
cretinism
iodine deficiency
iodine excess (neg feedback)
How would you explain Hasimtos to your patient?
We have a component in our body called thyroglobulin which is needed to create your thyroid hormones.
here, your bodies antibodies are not recognising this component and damaging it.
As it is now damaged your body can’t make thyroid. So you have low amounts of thyroid in your body.
What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
Heat intolerance and weight loss
wasting muscles
tachycardia
exopthalamps
osteoperosis
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and how would you explain this to your patient?
Graves disease
We have cells in our body that act like soilders to destroy a danger that comes to our body. these are called antibodies.
In Graves disease, your body does not recognise the gland that produces the thyroid hormone and begins to attack it. The attack causes an overstimulation of the gland release a large amount of thyroid hormone into your body.
How would you describe T2DM to a patient?
we have a receptor, like a key hole, in our body that only insulin, the key, can unlock. insulin is a hormone that allows the sugar we eat to be absorbed and used by the body.
In type 2 diabetes mellitus, this key is constantly being used to unlock the door into the body. Its been used so much that the lock begins to break and resist the key.
Now, instead of putting the key in once to open the door, you need to put it in multiple times. Your body needs more insulin to let the sugar into your body,
Signs and symptoms of T2DM vs T1DM
Onset: 1= sudden, 2= insidious
weight loss: 1= yes, 2= no, usually overweight or obese
ketoacidosis: 1= yes, 2= no
C-peptide: 1= yes, 2= no
severity: 1 is life threatening
Explain the pathway for ketoacidosis in
decreased lipogenesis –> excess lipolysis in perpiheral adipose tissue –> release of excessive fatty acids on live –> beta oxidation (excess Acetly CoA) –> ketogenesis (insulin cannot supre\ress enzymes of this process)
What are the four types of Cushing’s Syndrome?
Pituitary, Adrenal, ectopoc and lactrogenic
What is the cause of Cushing’s syndrome and what are its major signs and symptoms?
Elevated Coritsol
Pituitary= elevated ACTH from functional pituitary adenoma
signs and symptoms
- truncal obesity
- moon face
- thin extremities
- buffalo hump
What is Addisons Disease? What are it’s symptoms?
What
cortisol and/ or aldosterone deficiency
Signs and symptoms
(low cortisol)
- hyperpigmentation
- hypoglycemia
(low adrenals)
- - hyponatremia
- hyperkalemia
- metabolic acidosi
- loss of appetite, N&V, upper abdominal pain
- weight loss (vomiting)
Explain (to the patient) why they are peeing and drinking alot with diabetes mellitus
the glucose (or sugar) in your blood puts your body out of balance so it wants be be removed. The glucose gets taken to your kidneys. Glucose and water are good friends so wherever it goes, water follows. When they get to your kidneys they both get removed from your body via urine.
You are always thirsty due to this constant removal of water.
Explain to a doctor why a patient has polydipsia and polyuria.
High blood glucose brings a high glucose load –> there is a decreased glucose reception in the collecting tubules as it reaches its renal threshold –> the glucose moves beyond the collecting tubules –> osmatic relationship with water brings water with it –
results in polydipsia as attempt to replenish the water lost in constant urination
