Thyroid

Question 1

What are the primary thyroid hormones?

Answer 1

T4 and T3

T4 (Thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothyronine) are the main hormones produced by the thyroid gland.

Question 2

Name a disease associated with the thyroid gland.

Answer 2

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones.

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action of antithyroid drugs?

Answer 3

They inhibit the TPO

TPO stands for Thyroid Peroxidase, which is involved in the iodination of thyroid hormones.

Question 4

List two types of thyroid replacement therapy.

Answer 4

• Natural agents
• Synthetic agents

Natural agents include desiccated thyroid, while synthetic agents include Levothyroxine Sodium (T4) and Liothyronine Sodium (T3).

Question 5

What are goitrogens?

Answer 5

Substances that affect thyroid function

Goitrogens can inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones, leading to goiter development.

Question 6

Fill in the blank: Thyroid hormones are synthesized from _______.

Answer 6

iodine and tyrosine

Iodine is an essential component for the production of thyroid hormones.

Question 7

True or False: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones.

Answer 7

True

Hyperthyroidism can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety.

Question 8

Name a synthetic thyroid replacement agent.

Answer 8

Levothyroxine Sodium (T4)

Levothyroxine is the most commonly prescribed synthetic thyroid hormone.

Question 9

What are the two types of thyroid imaging agents mentioned?

Answer 9

• Radioiodine (131I and 125I)
• Perchlorate (99mTcO4) and Pertechnetate

These agents are used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Question 10

What is the role of glucosinolates?

Answer 10

They are natural goitrogens

Glucosinolates are derived from plants in the Brassica family, such as broccoli and cabbage.

Question 11

Fill in the blank: High concentrations of thioureylenes can lead to _______ binding to TPO.

Answer 11

covalent

Covalent binding results in an irreversible block of the iodination process.

Question 12

What is myxedema?

Answer 12

A severe form of hypothyroidism

Myxedema can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Question 13

What are the components involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Answer 13

• Iodine
• Tyrosine

These components are essential for the production of T4 and T3.

Question 14

What is the effect of lithium on thyroid function?

Answer 14

It can disrupt thyroid hormone synthesis

Lithium is known to cause hypothyroidism in some individuals.

Question 15

What is the significance of altered TPO conformation?

Answer 15

It inhibits the coupling of DIT/MIT residues

This process is essential for the production of T4 and T3.

Question 16

What condition is characterized by generalized resistance to thyroid hormone?

Answer 16

Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone

This condition results in a reduced response to thyroid hormones despite normal or elevated levels.

Question 17

What are thyromimetics?

Answer 17

Compounds that mimic thyroid hormone action

Thyromimetics are used to treat conditions related to thyroid hormone deficiency.