Thursday 9th May Test

Question 1

Cardinal signs of Inflammation

Answer 1

Heat, redness, pain, loss of function, swelling

Question 2

Scar tissue causes

Answer 2

Inflammatory response, prolonged immobilization, paralysis or paresis

Question 3

Four types of scar tissue

Answer 3

Contracture, adhesions, irreversible, contracture, proud flesh

Question 4

What is contracture?

Answer 4

Shortening of connective tissue over or around joint

Question 5

What is adhesions?

Answer 5

decreased ROM in a jt allows cross-links to form amongst collagen fibres

Question 6

What is an irreversible contracture?

Answer 6

Permanent loss of range of motion which occurs as a result of fibrous tissue or bone replaces muscle or connective tissue

Question 7

What is proud flesh?

Answer 7

Thickened dermal granulation tissue due to abnormal healing

Question 8

What is one contraindication for scar tissue?

Answer 8

No friction on anti-inflammatories

Frictions not recommended for proud flesh or keloids

Question 9

What are the different types of wounds?

Answer 9

Abrasion, laceration, incision, puncture, avulsion

Question 10

What is an abrasion?

Answer 10

An abrasion is a scrape or superficial wound

Question 11

What is a laceration?

Answer 11

Laceration is a jagged, cut and increased tissue loss

Question 12

What is an incision?

Answer 12

An incision is a precise cut with an instrument like a scalpel

Question 13

What is a puncture?

Answer 13

A puncture is a hole with clean edges and a small entry point

Question 14

What is an avulsion?

Answer 14

And avulsion is a partial or complete tearing of skin and underlying tissues

Question 15

What are two causes of burns

Answer 15

Thermal and chemical burns

Question 16

What is a thermal burn?

Answer 16

Open flame source
Scalding from hot liquid
Cold from frostbite

Question 17

What is a chemical burn?

Answer 17

Acids or alkaline
Must be cleaned and deactivated to prevent further injury
Secondary injuries could occur
Can be very toxic
Organ failure

Question 18

Two complications of burns

Answer 18

Breathing (thoracic burns, can interfere in lung expansion and can increase risk of pathologies such as pneumonia)

Inhalation injury (inhalation of heated air or obnoxious chemicals, respiratory failure can result up to two days post accident)

Question 19

Contusion versus haematoma

Answer 19

A contusion is a crush injury to a muscle damaging muscle fibers, resulting in bleeding into subcutaneous tissue and skin

A haematoma is a large area of local hemorrhage, following a trauma, pooling of blood causes pain, swelling, and compresses, nearby nerve endings

Question 20

Define strains and two causes

Answer 20

An overstretched injury to the musculotendinous unit

Sudden overstretching of muscle and extreme contraction against resistance

Question 21

Definition and cause of sprains

Answer 21

An overstretched injury to a ligament

A sudden twist or wrench of joint past its normal range of motion

Question 22

One contraindication of sprains

Answer 22

In acute stage, testing, other than pain-free active range of motion is contraindicated to prevent further tissue damage

Avoid removing the protective muscle splinting of acute sprains

Question 23

Causes of cruciate injuries

Answer 23

ACL - blow to lateral knee
Blow to posterior knee

PCL - blow to anterior tibialis
Excessive hyperextension

Question 24

Causes of meniscal injuries

Answer 24

Twisting of knee while foot is bearing weight and anchored to ground

Question 25

One contraindication for meniscal and cruciate injuries

Answer 25

With an acute knee injury, where effusion is present, massages contraindicated until a medical assessment has been made Do not force extension or flexion with a locked knee, because further damage to the meniscus may result

Question 26

Difference between dislocation and subluxation

Answer 26

Dislocation is a complete dissociation of the articulating surfaces of a joint A subluxation is when the articulating surfaces remain in partial contact with each other

Question 27

Causes of dislocation

Answer 27

Causes or trauma related - sudden twist or wrench of joint, beyond its normal range of motion Indirect - joint becomes weakest link in a closed kinetic chain Direct - direct force on joint itself

Question 28

One contraindication for dislocations

Answer 28

Avoid hydrotherapy applied to joint in acute and sub Friction contraindicated with anti-inflammatories Remedial exercise in acute stage is contraindicated

Question 29

Define fracture

Answer 29

A break incontinuity of a bone

Question 30

Different kinds of complete fractures COOATS

Answer 30

Transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, avulsion, osteochondral

Question 31

Different kinds of incomplete fractures CoGr PeSt

Answer 31

Compression, green stick, perforation, stress

Question 32

Two causes of a fracture

Answer 32

Direct force, indirect force, overuse or repeated wear, other pathologies

Question 33

Contraindications during immobilization of a fracture

Answer 33

The limb must not be traction before union has occurred With open reduction on site work is avoided until the skin has healed

Question 34

Contraindications during immobilization removed of a fracture

Answer 34

Over pressure testing of involved joint is contraindicated before union Hydrotherapy temperature extremes are avoided on tissue under cast, client, perception of heat, cold, and pressure may be temporarily altered