Thursday 9th May Test Flashcards
Cardinal signs of Inflammation
Heat, redness, pain, loss of function, swelling
Scar tissue causes
Inflammatory response, prolonged immobilization, paralysis or paresis
Four types of scar tissue
Contracture, adhesions, irreversible, contracture, proud flesh
What is contracture?
Shortening of connective tissue over or around joint
What is adhesions?
decreased ROM in a jt allows cross-links to form amongst collagen fibres
What is an irreversible contracture?
Permanent loss of range of motion which occurs as a result of fibrous tissue or bone replaces muscle or connective tissue
What is proud flesh?
Thickened dermal granulation tissue due to abnormal healing
What is one contraindication for scar tissue?
No friction on anti-inflammatories
Frictions not recommended for proud flesh or keloids
What are the different types of wounds?
Abrasion, laceration, incision, puncture, avulsion
What is an abrasion?
An abrasion is a scrape or superficial wound
What is a laceration?
Laceration is a jagged, cut and increased tissue loss
What is an incision?
An incision is a precise cut with an instrument like a scalpel
What is a puncture?
A puncture is a hole with clean edges and a small entry point
What is an avulsion?
And avulsion is a partial or complete tearing of skin and underlying tissues
What are two causes of burns
Thermal and chemical burns
What is a thermal burn?
Open flame source
Scalding from hot liquid
Cold from frostbite
What is a chemical burn?
Acids or alkaline
Must be cleaned and deactivated to prevent further injury
Secondary injuries could occur
Can be very toxic
Organ failure
Two complications of burns
Breathing (thoracic burns, can interfere in lung expansion and can increase risk of pathologies such as pneumonia)
Inhalation injury (inhalation of heated air or obnoxious chemicals, respiratory failure can result up to two days post accident)
Contusion versus haematoma
A contusion is a crush injury to a muscle damaging muscle fibers, resulting in bleeding into subcutaneous tissue and skin
A haematoma is a large area of local hemorrhage, following a trauma, pooling of blood causes pain, swelling, and compresses, nearby nerve endings
Define strains and two causes
An overstretched injury to the musculotendinous unit
Sudden overstretching of muscle and extreme contraction against resistance
Definition and cause of sprains
An overstretched injury to a ligament
A sudden twist or wrench of joint past its normal range of motion
One contraindication of sprains
In acute stage, testing, other than pain-free active range of motion is contraindicated to prevent further tissue damage
Avoid removing the protective muscle splinting of acute sprains
Causes of cruciate injuries
ACL - blow to lateral knee
Blow to posterior knee
PCL - blow to anterior tibialis
Excessive hyperextension
Causes of meniscal injuries
Twisting of knee while foot is bearing weight and anchored to ground
One contraindication for meniscal and cruciate injuries
With an acute knee injury, where effusion is present, massages contraindicated until a medical assessment has been made
Do not force extension or flexion with a locked knee, because further damage to the meniscus may result
Difference between dislocation and subluxation
Dislocation is a complete dissociation of the articulating surfaces of a joint
A subluxation is when the articulating surfaces remain in partial contact with each other
Causes of dislocation
Causes or trauma related - sudden twist or wrench of joint, beyond its normal range of motion
Indirect - joint becomes weakest link in a closed kinetic chain
Direct - direct force on joint itself
One contraindication for dislocations
Avoid hydrotherapy applied to joint in acute and sub
Friction contraindicated with anti-inflammatories
Remedial exercise in acute stage is contraindicated
Define fracture
A break incontinuity of a bone
Different kinds of complete fractures
COOATS
Transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, avulsion, osteochondral
Different kinds of incomplete fractures
CoGr PeSt
Compression, green stick, perforation, stress
Two causes of a fracture
Direct force, indirect force, overuse or repeated wear, other pathologies
Contraindications during immobilization of a fracture
The limb must not be traction before union has occurred
With open reduction on site work is avoided until the skin has healed
Contraindications during immobilization removed of a fracture
Over pressure testing of involved joint is contraindicated before union
Hydrotherapy temperature extremes are avoided on tissue under cast, client, perception of heat, cold, and pressure may be temporarily altered
