Carrie Last Closed Book Flashcards
Define osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a progressive disease in which the bones become gradually weak and thinner, causing changes in posture and posing and increased risk of fractures
What are bones made up of?
Bones are made up of hard, calcium deposits, mostly calcium phosphate
What are noncontrollable risk factors of osteoporosis?
Gender, age, body shape, ethnicity, family history
What are controlled risk factors of osteoporosis?
Hormone levels, calcium levels, vitamin D levels, medication use, sedentary, lifestyle, diet, cigarettes, and alcohol use
What three factors can influence calcium in our bodies
Calcium absorption
Calcium loss
Bone density maintenance
How does menopause influence bone growth?
Menopause reduces oestrogen levels in the body which causes osteoclasts to speed speed up and Osteoblasts to slow down
Signs and symptoms of osteoporosis
No symptoms in early stages
Dowagers hump and hyperkyphosis
Chronic or acute back pain
Paraspinal muscle spasm
Complications of osteoporosis
Fractures
Can be spontaneous or pathological
Are common in wrists, hips, and vertebrae
Brittle ribs
Define diabetes mellitus
A chronic condition that results in problems with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
Where is insulin produced and what does it do?
Normally insulin is produced in the pancreas, and it helps to utilize glucose
What are the two types of diabetes?
Type one is insulin dependent
Type two is non-insulin dependent
Which type of diabetes is fairly stable and easy to control
Type two
Three complications of diabetes mellitus
Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Hypoglycaemia
What is ketoacidosis?
It occurs when sodium potassium and ketones are lost in urine
Increased requirement of insulin
Blood sugar levels increased in response
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance occurs
Fats, broken down to liberate glucose
Ketones produced as a byproduct
What is hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma?
Blood serum is hyperosmotic, highly concentrated with glucose
This draws fluids from interstitial spaces, which is then excreted through increased urination and often contains glucose as well
Person becomes dehydrated and extremely thirsty
Leads person falling into lethargy, then coma
What is hypoglycemia?
Initially Person will experience, hypotension and feeling of hunger
Emotional changes, nervousness, and irritability
Tachycardia, shaking, and sweating
Peripheral vessel, construction, causing clammy, skin, convulsion, or coma
Diabetes mellitus long-term complications
Infection
Peripheral neuropathy
Vascular damage
Define cancer
A general term used for abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells
What is benign cancer?
Encapsulated growth, slowly proliferating cells, not considered serious unless they start to compress body organs
What is malignant cancer?
Can destroy other tissue, invasive non-encapsulated, able to move to new sites
What is metastasizing?
Uses lymph and circulatory system
Not all metastasizing cells results in invasion of new tissue. most are destroyed by immune system
Naming cancer
The suffix ”Oma” means tumour and is added with the name of tissue which it originated
Name some carcinogens
Cigarette smoke
UV radiation
Certain drugs, and hormones such as immunosuppressants and estrogen
Industrial agents like asbestos
Medical treatment for cancer
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Biological therapy
Surgery side effects for cancer
Risk of anaesthesia
Respiratory complications
Bleeding
DVT
Incision infection
Pain and fatigue
Later complications are scarring which influences range of motion
Chemotherapy side effects of cancer
Nausea and vomiting
Chronic side effects like hair loss, mouth sores, diarrhea, and constipation, low blood counts, fatigue, anaemia, some cause peripheral neuropathy like burning in hands and feet
Radiation side effects of cancer
Fatigue
Skin reaction similar to sunburn like redness, tenderness, slight swelling, and peeling
Some permanent changes like thickening and tanning may occur. Most not serious.
Localized side effects of cancer
Taste can be affected
Hair loss can occur
For common types of cancer
Breast cancer, colorectal, cancer, lung, cancer, and prostate cancer
What happens in lymphedema?
Edematous tissue becomes stretched and unable to return to original shape
Puffy and congested
May be cold due to ischemia or warm due to compression
What is HIV?
HIV virus selectively infects the t-helper cells destroying them
When is someone diagnosed with aids?
When a person develops certain other diseases or cancer
What are other diseases or cancers that make aids a secondary condition?
Kaposis sarcoma (cancer of the capillaries)
Cervical cancer
Cryptosporidium
CryptoMegalovirus
Lymphoma
Toxoplasmosis
Tuberculosis
How is HIV transmitted?
Not through casual contact
Not airborne
Cannot pass through unbroken skin
Can only be transferred through through infected, bodily fluids
Unprotected sex, sharing of intravenous needles transmission of unscreened, blood and blood by products
May also be transmitted from mother to baby
4 bodily fluids, blood semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk
How is HIV diagnosed?
It is diagnosed through lab tests for antibodies of HIV virus
Massage recommendations for HIV massage
Recommended for stress, reduction, relaxation, and to increase overall well-being
Also to increase activity of killer cells, stimulating immunity in people who are HIV positive
Can’t affect progression of disease, but may help fight secondary conditions
Help fight, grief and depression
