Carrie Last Closed Book Flashcards
Define osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a progressive disease in which the bones become gradually weak and thinner, causing changes in posture and posing and increased risk of fractures
What are bones made up of?
Bones are made up of hard, calcium deposits, mostly calcium phosphate
What are noncontrollable risk factors of osteoporosis?
Gender, age, body shape, ethnicity, family history
What are controlled risk factors of osteoporosis?
Hormone levels, calcium levels, vitamin D levels, medication use, sedentary, lifestyle, diet, cigarettes, and alcohol use
What three factors can influence calcium in our bodies
Calcium absorption
Calcium loss
Bone density maintenance
How does menopause influence bone growth?
Menopause reduces oestrogen levels in the body which causes osteoclasts to speed speed up and Osteoblasts to slow down
Signs and symptoms of osteoporosis
No symptoms in early stages
Dowagers hump and hyperkyphosis
Chronic or acute back pain
Paraspinal muscle spasm
Complications of osteoporosis
Fractures
Can be spontaneous or pathological
Are common in wrists, hips, and vertebrae
Brittle ribs
Define diabetes mellitus
A chronic condition that results in problems with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
Where is insulin produced and what does it do?
Normally insulin is produced in the pancreas, and it helps to utilize glucose
What are the two types of diabetes?
Type one is insulin dependent
Type two is non-insulin dependent
Which type of diabetes is fairly stable and easy to control
Type two
Three complications of diabetes mellitus
Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Hypoglycaemia
What is ketoacidosis?
It occurs when sodium potassium and ketones are lost in urine
Increased requirement of insulin
Blood sugar levels increased in response
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance occurs
Fats, broken down to liberate glucose
Ketones produced as a byproduct
What is hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma?
Blood serum is hyperosmotic, highly concentrated with glucose
This draws fluids from interstitial spaces, which is then excreted through increased urination and often contains glucose as well
Person becomes dehydrated and extremely thirsty
Leads person falling into lethargy, then coma
What is hypoglycemia?
Initially Person will experience, hypotension and feeling of hunger
Emotional changes, nervousness, and irritability
Tachycardia, shaking, and sweating
Peripheral vessel, construction, causing clammy, skin, convulsion, or coma
Diabetes mellitus long-term complications
Infection
Peripheral neuropathy
Vascular damage
Define cancer
A general term used for abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells
What is benign cancer?
Encapsulated growth, slowly proliferating cells, not considered serious unless they start to compress body organs
What is malignant cancer?
Can destroy other tissue, invasive non-encapsulated, able to move to new sites
What is metastasizing?
Uses lymph and circulatory system
Not all metastasizing cells results in invasion of new tissue. most are destroyed by immune system
Naming cancer
The suffix ”Oma” means tumour and is added with the name of tissue which it originated
Name some carcinogens
Cigarette smoke
UV radiation
Certain drugs, and hormones such as immunosuppressants and estrogen
Industrial agents like asbestos
Medical treatment for cancer
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Biological therapy
