Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SP16- Gen Path Exam 1 > Thrombosis/Embolism/Infarction/Shock > Flashcards

Thrombosis/Embolism/Infarction/Shock Flashcards

1
Q

A ______ is an intravascular clot, often impeding or preventing blood flow.

A

thrombus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

the formation or presence of a thrombus (may result in infarction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

______ Triad = endothelial injury + Alterations in blood flow + hypercoagulability

A

Virchow’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False: Virchow’s Triad includes hypocoagulability.

A

False: HYPERcoagulability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endothelial injury (loss of barrier) will _____ prothrombotic activity.

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alterations in blood flow are commonly of what two types?

A
  1. turbulence

2. stasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is turbulence?

A

hyper-coagulative state = increased flow = endothelial activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is stasis?

A

peripheral displacement of platelets or concentration of clotting factors results in decreased flow = endothelial activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False: Thrombosis can occur due to inherited or acquired conditions.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three mentioned inherited conditions of hypercoagulability?

A

Factor V Leiden (Va cannot be cleaved)
AT III deficiency
Prothrombin mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In what situations would there be an acquired condition that results in hypercoagulability (and thrombosis)?

A 
prolonged bed rest
cancer
pregnancy
extensive tissue injury
anti-PL ab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is a homozygote of Factor V Leiden at higher or lower risk for developing thrombosis?

A 
Homo = 50% risk
Hetero = ~5% risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thrombosis can either be arterial or venous. What are the colors associated with each?

A 
arterial = white
venous = red
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe arterial thrombosis.

A 
incorporation of fibrin = makes it WHITE
sites of turbulence (endothelial injury)
occlusive or mural
on heart valves (NBTE)
DISTINCT LINES OF ZAHN (layering of red blood cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe venous thrombosis.

A

sites of stasis (ex. deep leg veins/bed rest)

INDISTINCT lines of zahn (slower flow rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____ thrombosis is associated with turbulence, whereas, ______ thrombosis is associated with stasis.

A

arterial

venous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False: In an aortic thrombus, there would be distinct lines of zahn.

A

True.

arterial thrombis = DISTINCT lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thrombi form _______ the heart.

A

toward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four fates of thrombi?

A

Propagation
Embolization
Dissolution (resolution)
Organization (recanalization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is DIC?

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

- widespread activation of both the coagulation cascade and the fibrinolytic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is “consumptive coagulopathy” sometimes used to describe DIC?

A

coagulation factors and platelets are depleted (causing bleeding problems) while fibrin split products are elevated (microthrombi)
its a big mess of clotting and bleeding issues occuring simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or False: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is a dangerous disease.

A

False: it is a CONDITION not a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the possible etiologies of D.I.C.?

A
  • infection (gram negative bacteria)
  • obstetric complications (placental abruption, retained dead fetus)
  • neoplasm
  • shock
  • massive tissue injury
24
Q

What are the treatment options for DIC?

A 
HIGHLY VARIABLE (but usually you treat the bleeding aspect of the condition preferentially)
-depends on the management of underlying disorder
25
Q

What is an embolus?

A

an INTRAvascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin

26
Q

The majority of emboli are dislodged thrombus material and are known as ____________.

A

thromboembolism

27
Q

What is the common origin for a Pulmonary Thromboembolism?

A

Deep leg veins

28
Q

True or False: A pulmonary thromboembolism may have no manifestations or consequences.

A

True

  • often blood can be re-routed through other vasculature
  • however, some CAN cause sudden death (saddle embolus)
29
Q

What is a “saddle embolus?”

A

A large emboli obstructing a large pulmonary artery or straddling the bifurcation of the pulmonary arterial trunk

30
Q

Systemic embolization usually originates in _______.

A

the left atrium

  • almost always it’s ARTERIAL
  • could also originate from the left ventricle or atherosclerotic plaque
31
Q

What is a “paradoxical systemic embolization?”

A

an embolus that arises in a vein before CROSSING into the arterial side of circulation; often passes through a patent foramen ovale

32
Q

What is the common passageway for a paradoxical systemic embolus?

A

the patent foramen ovale

33
Q

Name the five types of embolism.

A
  1. Thrombus *
  2. Fat (not common- may occur with bad bone breaks)
  3. Air (“bends” and caisson disease)
  4. Amniotic Fluid (can be associated with DIC)
  5. Atherosclerotic Plaque Material
34
Q

_______ is an area of ischemic necrosis secondary to occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage.

A

Infarction

35
Q

Infarction is an area of ischemic _________ that is _______ to occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage.

A

necrosis

secondary

36
Q

Name a major contributor to mortality associated with cardiovascular disease.

A

Infarction

37
Q

What are the two types of infarction?

A

Red or White

38
Q

______ infarction is hemorrhagic.

A

Red

39
Q

_______ infarction is pale.

A

White

40
Q

_______ infarction occurs following ARTERIAL occlusion in a solid organ.

A

White

41
Q

______ infarction occurs following VENOUS occlusion.

A

Red

42
Q

True or False: “White infarction” can be associated with loose tissues, previous congestion, and reflow of blood to infarcted area.

A

False….that is all “red”

43
Q

Arterial blockage in the spleen would be of which type of infarction?

A

White

44
Q

True or False: The rate of occlusion influences infarct development.

A

True

45
Q

A decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the cardiovascular system would _____ the vulnerability for infarct development.

A

increase

46
Q

“Systemic HypoPerfusion” is better known as _____.

A

shock

47
Q

What are the Pathophysiologic categories of shock?

A
  1. cardiogenic
  2. hypovolemic (lots of bleeding)
  3. Septic (endotoxin)
  4. Anaphylactic
  5. Neurogenic
48
Q

_______ is the #1 cause of death in intensive care units.

A

Septic Shock

49
Q

What is septic shock associated with?

A

gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

50
Q

In septic shock, there is an activation of _______ on monocytes and neutrophils with release of IL-1, TNF, and other mediators.

A

toll-like receptors

51
Q

Activation of mediators in a situation of septic shock would result in ________ and decreased _______

A

vasodilation and decreased perfusion

52
Q

What are the three stages of shock?

A
  1. Nonprogressive
  2. Progressive
  3. Irreversible
53
Q

In ____ shock, tissue injury is unrecoverable and multiple organ failure can lead to death.

A

irreversible

54
Q

In _____ shock, inadequate perfusion leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acidosis, and sometimes DIC.

A

Progressive

55
Q

In _____ shock, compensatory mechanisms maintain perfusion.

A

Nonprogressive

56
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of shock?

A
  • tachycardia (increased HR)
  • tachypnea (shallow breathing)
  • hypotension
  • cool clammy skin (except “septic” is warmer)
  • pallor/cyanosis
  • confusion
  • low urine output
  • acidosis
  • high lactic acid

SP16- Gen Path Exam 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions