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SP16- Gen Path Exam 1 > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasms behave like ________ as they compete with normal cells.

A

parasites

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2
Q

Neoplasia is a loss of ________.

A

responsiveness to normal growth controls

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3
Q

What is the “study of neoplasms”?

A

oncology

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4
Q

A localized, slow growing neoplasm is often ______.

A

benign

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5
Q

What is a cancerous, un-defined, rapid-growing neoplasm called?

A

malignant

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6
Q

Which type of neoplasm is most common?

A

benign

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7
Q

Most BENIGN tumors are designated by attaching the suffix -_____ to the cell type of origin.

A

-oma

osteoma = cell type + oma

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8
Q

A neoplasm is made up of ______ and _____.

A

parenchyma and stroma

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9
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

neoplastic cells - the cells from which it derived

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10
Q

What is the stroma?

A

supporting connective tissue and blood vessels

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11
Q

True or False: If the neoplasms is symmetric and well-defined, it is most likely malignant.

A

False, more likely it’s benign

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12
Q

What is an Adenoma?

A

benign gland-forming epithelial tumor or tumor derived from glandular tissue

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13
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

benign surface epithelial tumor characterized by numerous finger-like (papillary) projections

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14
Q

A FIRM, DEFINED, and MOBILE tumor under the tongue, would most likely indicate that it is ________.

A

benign (ex. salivary tumor- adenoma)

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15
Q

_______ is the proliferation of tissues that are normally found at that site.

A

Hamartoma (ex. odontoma = poorly organized collection of teeth)

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16
Q

_______ is a collection of tissue not normally found in that anatomic sites (“heterotopic rest”)

A

Choristoma

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17
Q

________ is a neoplasm derived from more than one germ layer.

A

Teratoma

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18
Q

True or False: Teratoma behavior can range from being benign to aggressive.

A

True

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19
Q

How does the nomenclature differ for malignancies compared to benign?

A

Mesenchymal Malignancies = “-sarcoma”

Epithelial Malignancies = “carcinoma”

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20
Q

Some malignancies differ from the nomenclature guidelines, what are the common four?

A
  1. Lymphoma
  2. Melanoma
  3. Mesothelioma
  4. Seminoma
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21
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

malignancy of lymphoid tissue

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22
Q

What is melanoma?

A

malignancy of melanocytes

23
Q

What is mesothelioma?

A

pleural malignancy

24
Q

What is seminoma?

A

testicular malignancy

25
Q

Which malignancy is responsible for the most deaths?

A

melanoma

26
Q

What are the four characteristics used to distinguish between benign and malignant?

A
  1. differentiation
  2. rate of growth
  3. local invasion
  4. metastasis
27
Q

What is differentiation?

A

how well the parenchymal cells of the neoplasm resemble their normal tissue of origin

28
Q

____ tumors almost always CLOSELY resemble normal tissue microscopically.

A

Benign (aka the cells look like those that they derived from)

29
Q

In benign tumors, “mitoses” are usually _____ and _____ in appearance.

A

scarce

normal

30
Q

True or False: Malignant tumors may have a wide range of differentiation.

A

True

31
Q

____-differentiated malignancies will resemble normal tissue to a large extent.

A

Well

32
Q

_____- differentiated malignancies are termed “anaplastic”

A

Poorly

33
Q

Anaplastic tumors are ____-grade malignancies.

A

high (poor = high)

34
Q

Well-differentiated malignancies are _____- grade.

A

low (well = low…..”w” with “w”)

35
Q

______ is the most extreme disturbance in cell growth and differentiation.

A

Anaplasia

36
Q

What are the common features of anaplasia?

A
  • pleomorphism
  • nuclear hyperchromatism and variation in nuclear size/shape
  • numerous and atypical mitoses
37
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

disorderly, but non-neoplastic growth or proliferation

38
Q

Dysplasia usually refers to the epithelial process of ______.

A

maturation

39
Q

True or False: Dysplasias have the potential to become invasive carcinoma.

A

True

40
Q

If a cell is to become an “invasive cancer,” what are the stages following “moderate dysplasia?”

A

After moderate dysplasia:

  • -> severe dysplasia
  • -> CARCINOMA IN SITU
  • -> invasive cancer
41
Q

What is the stage prior to invasive cancer?

A

Carcinoma in situ

42
Q

Histologically, what is good sign of dysplasia?

A

A darkened or “heavy” looking border along the basal epithelium

43
Q

Histologically, what is the difference between dysplasia and cancer?

A 
Dysplasia = darkening of basal cells
Cancer = darkened basal cells extend to superficial layers
44
Q

Malignancies may produce proteins that are functional but ________.

A

unrelated to the tissue type of the tumor

45
Q

What is the differences between benign and malignant in regards to “rate of growth?”

A

benign = more slowly growing…necrosis is uncommon
well-differentiated malignances = relatively slow
poorly-differentiated malignancies = rapid growth

46
Q

Some tumors outgrow their blood supply. This results in areas of _______.

A

ischemic necrosis

47
Q

True or False: Malignant neoplasms tend to remain localized.

A

false

48
Q

Benign neoplasms have slow-growth which usually results in formation of a compressed layer of connective tissue known as the ______.

A

capsule (encloses the tumor)

49
Q

True or False: All benign tumors have a capsule.

A

False, most but not all

50
Q

The capsule around a benign tumor makes the tumor _____.

A

mobile

51
Q

Malignancies grow by _____, ______, and _______ of surrounding tissue.

A

infiltration, invasion, destruction

52
Q

True or False: Malignancies lack well-defined capsules.

A

True

53
Q

What is the “most clinically reliable feature” for distinguishing malignant from benign tumors?

A

local invasiveness

malignancies Invade like a crab

SP16- Gen Path Exam 1 (10 decks)

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