Neoplasia 1 Flashcards
Neoplasms behave like ________ as they compete with normal cells.
parasites
Neoplasia is a loss of ________.
responsiveness to normal growth controls
What is the “study of neoplasms”?
oncology
A localized, slow growing neoplasm is often ______.
benign
What is a cancerous, un-defined, rapid-growing neoplasm called?
malignant
Which type of neoplasm is most common?
benign
Most BENIGN tumors are designated by attaching the suffix -_____ to the cell type of origin.
-oma
osteoma = cell type + oma
A neoplasm is made up of ______ and _____.
parenchyma and stroma
What is the parenchyma?
neoplastic cells - the cells from which it derived
What is the stroma?
supporting connective tissue and blood vessels
True or False: If the neoplasms is symmetric and well-defined, it is most likely malignant.
False, more likely it’s benign
What is an Adenoma?
benign gland-forming epithelial tumor or tumor derived from glandular tissue
What is a papilloma?
benign surface epithelial tumor characterized by numerous finger-like (papillary) projections
A FIRM, DEFINED, and MOBILE tumor under the tongue, would most likely indicate that it is ________.
benign (ex. salivary tumor- adenoma)
_______ is the proliferation of tissues that are normally found at that site.
Hamartoma (ex. odontoma = poorly organized collection of teeth)
_______ is a collection of tissue not normally found in that anatomic sites (“heterotopic rest”)
Choristoma
________ is a neoplasm derived from more than one germ layer.
Teratoma
True or False: Teratoma behavior can range from being benign to aggressive.
True
How does the nomenclature differ for malignancies compared to benign?
Mesenchymal Malignancies = “-sarcoma”
Epithelial Malignancies = “carcinoma”
Some malignancies differ from the nomenclature guidelines, what are the common four?
- Lymphoma
- Melanoma
- Mesothelioma
- Seminoma
What is lymphoma?
malignancy of lymphoid tissue
What is melanoma?
malignancy of melanocytes
What is mesothelioma?
pleural malignancy
What is seminoma?
testicular malignancy
Which malignancy is responsible for the most deaths?
melanoma
What are the four characteristics used to distinguish between benign and malignant?
- differentiation
- rate of growth
- local invasion
- metastasis
What is differentiation?
how well the parenchymal cells of the neoplasm resemble their normal tissue of origin
____ tumors almost always CLOSELY resemble normal tissue microscopically.
Benign (aka the cells look like those that they derived from)
In benign tumors, “mitoses” are usually _____ and _____ in appearance.
scarce
normal
True or False: Malignant tumors may have a wide range of differentiation.
True
____-differentiated malignancies will resemble normal tissue to a large extent.
Well
_____- differentiated malignancies are termed “anaplastic”
Poorly
Anaplastic tumors are ____-grade malignancies.
high (poor = high)
Well-differentiated malignancies are _____- grade.
low (well = low…..”w” with “w”)
______ is the most extreme disturbance in cell growth and differentiation.
Anaplasia
What are the common features of anaplasia?
- pleomorphism
- nuclear hyperchromatism and variation in nuclear size/shape
- numerous and atypical mitoses
What is dysplasia?
disorderly, but non-neoplastic growth or proliferation
Dysplasia usually refers to the epithelial process of ______.
maturation
True or False: Dysplasias have the potential to become invasive carcinoma.
True
If a cell is to become an “invasive cancer,” what are the stages following “moderate dysplasia?”
After moderate dysplasia:
- -> severe dysplasia
- -> CARCINOMA IN SITU
- -> invasive cancer
What is the stage prior to invasive cancer?
Carcinoma in situ
Histologically, what is good sign of dysplasia?
A darkened or “heavy” looking border along the basal epithelium
Histologically, what is the difference between dysplasia and cancer?
Dysplasia = darkening of basal cells Cancer = darkened basal cells extend to superficial layers
Malignancies may produce proteins that are functional but ________.
unrelated to the tissue type of the tumor
What is the differences between benign and malignant in regards to “rate of growth?”
benign = more slowly growing…necrosis is uncommon
well-differentiated malignances = relatively slow
poorly-differentiated malignancies = rapid growth
Some tumors outgrow their blood supply. This results in areas of _______.
ischemic necrosis
True or False: Malignant neoplasms tend to remain localized.
false
Benign neoplasms have slow-growth which usually results in formation of a compressed layer of connective tissue known as the ______.
capsule (encloses the tumor)
True or False: All benign tumors have a capsule.
False, most but not all
The capsule around a benign tumor makes the tumor _____.
mobile
Malignancies grow by _____, ______, and _______ of surrounding tissue.
infiltration, invasion, destruction
True or False: Malignancies lack well-defined capsules.
True
What is the “most clinically reliable feature” for distinguishing malignant from benign tumors?
local invasiveness
malignancies Invade like a crab
