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SP16- Gen Path Exam 1 > Edema/Congestion/Hemostasis > Flashcards

Edema/Congestion/Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is edema?

A

increased fluid within interstitial tissues

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2
Q

True or False: Increased fluid (edema) can results from decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased venous return.

A

False: Edema = increased hydrostatic pressure with decreased venous return

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3
Q

Edema can result from ______ plasma osmotic pressure.

A

Reduced (decreased proteins allows fluid to penetrate more easily)

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4
Q

Edema can result from ______ obstruction.

A

lymphatic

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5
Q

Edema can result from ______ and water retention.

A

sodium

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6
Q

True or False: Edema can result from inflammation.

A

true

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7
Q

Decrease in protein = _______ in osmotic pressure

A

decrease

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8
Q

In the case of “transudate,” which is higher: Osmotic Pressure or Hydrostatic Pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure (transudate = low protein = leakiness)

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9
Q

What is “effusion?”

A

collection of fluid in the body cavity or space

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10
Q

What are four typical types of effusion?

A

Pleural (lung)
Pericardial (heart)
Peritoneal (abdomen)
Joint Space

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11
Q

________ is the increase in tissue blood volume secondary to neurogenic mechanisms or inflammation

A

Hyperemia

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12
Q

________ is the increase in tissue blood volume secondary to impaired venous return

A

Congestion

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13
Q

True or False: Hyperemia is an active process.

A

True (things are moving quickly)

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14
Q

True or False: Congestion is an active process.

A

False. It is PASSIVE (outflow is restricted)

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15
Q

Hyperemia is characterized by _________ inflow such as in exercise or inflammatory processes.

A

increased

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16
Q

Congestion is characterized by ________ outflow such as in congestive heart failure.

A

decreased

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17
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

Loss of blood secondary to vessel injury or physical disruption (total or partial)

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18
Q

Hemorrhage can be of what two varieties?

A

Internal (not to a surface)

External (bleeding out)

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19
Q

What are four signs of “internal hemorrhage” that appear on the skin?

A

Hematoma
Ecchymosis
Purpura
Petecchia

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20
Q

A _______ is a large mass (tumor) of blood.

A

hematoma

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21
Q

_________ is a sign of internal hemorrhage that is 1 cm or larger.

A

Ecchymosis

22
Q

A ______ is between 0.3 and 0.9 cm (3-9 mm).

A

Purpura

23
Q

How large are petechia?

A

1 to 2 mm (pinpoints)

24
Q

“Shock” is the loss of more than ____ % blood volume and is also called _____ hemorrhage.

A

20

acute

25
Q

Anemia is an example of ______ hemorrhage.

A

chronic

26
Q

True or False: Hemorrhage can flow into body spaces.

A

True

ex. hemothorax, hemopericardium, hemarthrosis, hemoperitoneum

27
Q

With which disease is petechial hemorrhage commonly seen?

A

mononucleosis

28
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Rapid arrest of blood loss at site of injury

29
Q

What are the three major components of hemostasis?

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Platelets
  3. Coagulation Cascade
30
Q

Endothelial cells line the vascular surfaces and control the clotting system by regulating the expression of binding sites for ________ and ______ factors on the cell

A

anticoagulant

procoagulant

31
Q

Platelets function mostly as a ______.

A

procoagulant

32
Q

The _______ cascade is a series of proteolytic events.

A

coagulation

33
Q

vWF and the extrinsic pathway (tissue factor) are involved in ________.

A

thrombosis

34
Q

Exposure of membrane-bound _______ will initiate the extrinsic coagulation sequence.

A

tissue factor

35
Q

Von Willebrand Factor binds to _______ when it is exposed in endothelial cells due to damage occurring to the blood vessel.

A

collagen

36
Q

Factor _____ is bound to vWF (preventing its destruction) while it is inactive in circulation and is released from vWF by the action of thrombin.

A

VIII

37
Q

What are some of the molecules involved in INHIBITION of thrombosis?

A

Antithrombin III = inactivates thrombin
Thrombomodulin = binds thrombin to activate Protein C
Prostacyclin/NO = inhibit platelet aggregation
t-Pa = activates fibrinolysis

38
Q

von Wildebrand Factor binds to ______ on platelets.

A

GP I b

39
Q

The extrinsic system of the coagulation cascade is dependent on ________.

A

tissue factor

40
Q

The intrinsic system of the coagulation cascade involves factor ______.

A

twelve (XII)

41
Q 
The coagulation cascade involves what four basic elements? 
1. active enzyme
2. substrate
3. 
4.
A
  1. Cofactor

4. Calcium

42
Q

What would a calcium-chelator due to the coagulation cascade?

A

it would prevent clotting because you need calcium to form the clot

43
Q

What are the two final products of coagulation?

A

thrombin

fibrin

44
Q

In coagulation, what occurs prior to Primary and Secondary Hemostasis?

A

Vasoconstriction

45
Q

Why is vasoconstriction important in coagulation?

A

minimizes the surface area that must be filled in by platelets

46
Q

What occurs during Primary Hemostasis?

A 
Platelets adhere
Platelets flatten out on top of the vWF and collagen
Granules (ADP, TXA2) are released
Recruitment of more platelets
Hemostatic Plug
47
Q

What occurs during Secondary Hemostasis?

A 
Tissue Factor is released
Complex expression of phospholipid
Thrombin is activated
Fibrin polymerization (meshwork)
= more stable clot than "hemostatic plug" of primary hemostasis
48
Q

Why is fibrinolysis important in the coagulation cascade?

A

you do NOT want to completely close off blood supply…the clot is trimmed to fit the area of injury

49
Q

______ trims the clot after it is activated by ______

A

Plasmin

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

50
Q

What does thrombomodulin do?

A

blocks the coagulation cascade by acting as a cofactor in the activation of Protein C (antigoagulation path)

51
Q

True or False: Fibrin degradation products are able to activate monocytes and cause inflammation.

A

True (this causes issues in areas away from the injury)

52
Q

_______ is involved in neutrophil adhesion, monocyte activation, and platelet activation.

A

Thrombin

SP16- Gen Path Exam 1 (10 decks)

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