Throat Flashcards
Narrowest part of digestive tract apart from appendicitis
Pharyngoesophageal junction
Common site for origination of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Fossa of Rossenmuller
Subdivisions of hypopharynx
Significance
Piriform fossa
Post cricoid region
Posterior pharyngeal wall
Malignancies usually located there.
Define hypopharyngeal diverticulum
Failure of cricopharyngeal sphincter to relax when pharyngeal muscles are contracting
Stertor
Noisy respiration related to the pharynx
Common site of location of foreign body
Cricopharyngeal sphincter Piriform fossa Tonsillar bed Pharyngeal wall Oesophagus
Complications of FB
Retropharyngeal abscess
Parapharyngeal abscess
Aspiration pneumonia
Oesopharyngeal perforation and mediastinitis
Waldeyer’s ring
Nasopharyngeal tonsils Palatine Lingual Tubal (in fossa of Rosenmuller= Lateral Pharyngeal bands Posterior pharyngeal nodrs
Causative organism of acute tonsillitis
Streptococcus B Hemolyticus.. Main
Others
Pneumococcus
Staphylococcus
H. Influenza
Lymph nodes implicated in acute tonsillitis
Tender swollen submandibular nodes
Important negative in acute tonsillitis
No Tonsillar membrane formation
Causative organism in chronic tonsillitis
E. Coli
Streptococcus
Lymph nodes implicated in chronic tonsillitis
Deep cervical
Submandibular
What is adenoiditis usually preceded by
Common cold
Lymph node implicates in adenoiditis
Cervical lymph node
Xtics of faces adenoidis
Open mouth breathing Vacant facial expressions Noisy respiration Underslung jaw with malocclusion High arched palate Protruding upper lip and pinched nostrils
Local Complications of tonsillitis or adenoiditis
- Peri-tonsillar abscess ( Quinsy )
- Retropharyngeal abscess
- Parapharyngeal abscess
- Pharyngitis
- Rhino-sinusitis
- Otitis media
Systemic complication of tonsillitis
Rheumatic fever
Acute glomerulonephritis
Subacute bacteria endocarditis
Relative indications of tonsillectomy
Dysphagia due to enlarged tonsils - causing loss of weight .
Nasal obstruction - leading to Adenoiditis , Sinusitis , Otitis media .
Infectious mononucleosis
Tonsillolithiasis resulting in bad breath/Halitosis
Absolute indications of tonsillectomy
- Suspicion of Malignancy - unilaterally enlarged tonsil especially with ulceration should be considered as cancer unless proved otherwise.
- Obstruction of the Airway
- Tonsillitis causing febrile seizures
- Recurrent bouts of tonsillitis
- Peritonsillar abscess - 6 weeks later.
Criteria for recurrent tonsil
7 episodes in a year
5 times in a year for 2 consecutive years
3 times in a year for 3 consecutive years
Contraindications of tonsillectomy
Children below 3years Hemorrhagic disorders Cleft palate Concurrent illness Uncontrolled comorbidities
Complications of tonsillectomy
Hemorrhage Velopharyngeal incompetence Rhinolalia aperta Surgical site infection Injury to Eustachian tube orifice
Causative organism in acute pharyngitis
- Viral - Rhinovirus , Coronavirus , Adenovirus , Myxovirus ( Influenza A & B) Paramyxovirus ( Para-influenza ) , Enterovirus , Respiratory syncitial virus .
- Bacteria - Streptococcus ß- haemolyticus Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus influenzae .
