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ENT > Throat > Flashcards

Throat Flashcards

1
Q

Narrowest part of digestive tract apart from appendicitis

A

Pharyngoesophageal junction

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2
Q

Common site for origination of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

Fossa of Rossenmuller

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3
Q

Subdivisions of hypopharynx

Significance

A

Piriform fossa
Post cricoid region
Posterior pharyngeal wall

Malignancies usually located there.

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4
Q

Define hypopharyngeal diverticulum

A

Failure of cricopharyngeal sphincter to relax when pharyngeal muscles are contracting

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5
Q

Stertor

A

Noisy respiration related to the pharynx

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6
Q

Common site of location of foreign body

A 
Cricopharyngeal sphincter
Piriform fossa
Tonsillar bed
Pharyngeal wall
Oesophagus
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7
Q

Complications of FB

A

Retropharyngeal abscess
Parapharyngeal abscess
Aspiration pneumonia
Oesopharyngeal perforation and mediastinitis

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8
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A 
Nasopharyngeal tonsils
Palatine
Lingual
Tubal (in fossa of Rosenmuller=
Lateral Pharyngeal bands
Posterior pharyngeal nodrs
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9
Q

Causative organism of acute tonsillitis

A

Streptococcus B Hemolyticus.. Main

Others
Pneumococcus
Staphylococcus
H. Influenza

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10
Q

Lymph nodes implicated in acute tonsillitis

A

Tender swollen submandibular nodes

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11
Q

Important negative in acute tonsillitis

A

No Tonsillar membrane formation

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12
Q

Causative organism in chronic tonsillitis

A

E. Coli

Streptococcus

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13
Q

Lymph nodes implicated in chronic tonsillitis

A

Deep cervical

Submandibular

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14
Q

What is adenoiditis usually preceded by

A

Common cold

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15
Q

Lymph node implicates in adenoiditis

A

Cervical lymph node

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16
Q

Xtics of faces adenoidis

A 
Open mouth breathing
Vacant facial expressions
Noisy respiration
Underslung jaw with malocclusion
High arched palate
Protruding upper lip and pinched  nostrils
17
Q

Local Complications of tonsillitis or adenoiditis

A
  1. Peri-tonsillar abscess ( Quinsy )
  2. Retropharyngeal abscess
  3. Parapharyngeal abscess
  4. Pharyngitis
  5. Rhino-sinusitis
  6. Otitis media
18
Q

Systemic complication of tonsillitis

A

Rheumatic fever
Acute glomerulonephritis
Subacute bacteria endocarditis

19
Q

Relative indications of tonsillectomy

A

Dysphagia due to enlarged tonsils - causing loss of weight .
Nasal obstruction - leading to Adenoiditis , Sinusitis , Otitis media .
Infectious mononucleosis
Tonsillolithiasis resulting in bad breath/Halitosis

20
Q

Absolute indications of tonsillectomy

A
  1. Suspicion of Malignancy - unilaterally enlarged tonsil especially with ulceration should be considered as cancer unless proved otherwise.
  2. Obstruction of the Airway
  3. Tonsillitis causing febrile seizures
  4. Recurrent bouts of tonsillitis
  5. Peritonsillar abscess - 6 weeks later.
21
Q

Criteria for recurrent tonsil

A

7 episodes in a year
5 times in a year for 2 consecutive years
3 times in a year for 3 consecutive years

22
Q

Contraindications of tonsillectomy

A 
Children below 3years
Hemorrhagic disorders
Cleft palate
Concurrent illness
Uncontrolled comorbidities
23
Q

Complications of tonsillectomy

A 
Hemorrhage 
Velopharyngeal incompetence
Rhinolalia aperta
Surgical site infection
Injury to Eustachian tube orifice
24
Q

Causative organism in acute pharyngitis

A
  1. Viral - Rhinovirus , Coronavirus , Adenovirus , Myxovirus ( Influenza A & B) Paramyxovirus ( Para-influenza ) , Enterovirus , Respiratory syncitial virus .
  2. Bacteria - Streptococcus ß- haemolyticus Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus influenzae .
25
Q

Lymph nodes implicated in pharyngitis

A

Cervical

26
Q

Ludwig angina

A

A condition that is characterized by cellulitis thin the floor of the mouth. Submandibular spacs

27
Q

Cause of Ludwig angina

A

Odontogenic
Hematogenic
Glandular

28
Q

Type of fluid in Ludwig after I and D

A

Serous

29
Q

Ddx of sore throat

A 
Acute TONSILLITIS,   -Malignancy
Common cold.         ,     -aphthous ulcers
Infectious mononucleosis 
Diphtheria
Vincent’s angina
Leukemia
Agranulocytosis
30
Q

Drugs implicated in infectious mononucleosis

A

Ampicillin

Penicillin

31
Q

Formation of pseudomembrane seen in??

A

Diphtheria

32
Q

Complications of diphtheria

A

Heart: Myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmia and acute circulatory failure
Neurological: Paralysis of the palate, diaphragm and ocular muscles
Larynx : Airway obstruction

33
Q

Treatment of diphtheria

A

Antidiphteric serum

34
Q

Symptoms of Vincent’s angina

A

Sore throat. Tonsil enlarged, White / Greyish membrane on the upper pole of the tonsil.
Always unilateral

35
Q

Characteristic feature of allergic sore throat

A

Sore throat with no fever

36
Q

Malignant sore throat

A

Lasting more than two weeks

ENT (9 decks)

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