Three Types of Claims

Question 1

Frequency Claim

Answer 1

stating that a number has occurred

Question 2

Association Claim

Answer 2

associations predict where someone lies on variable y from where they lie on variable x

Question 3

Causal Claims

Answer 3

there is a relationship between two variables in which one of these variables is responsible for the change in the other variable

Question 4

3 Ways to establish causality

Answer 4

1. variables need to co-vary, significantly correlated
2. need to establish temporal precedence (causal variable came first then outcome later)
3. no alternate explanations exist for this relationship

Question 5

Internal Validity

Answer 5

extent to which you are sure you have controlled for any possible alternative explanation for your effect

Question 6

Construct Validity

Answer 6

whether the constructs the researchers claim to be studying are what they are actually studying

Question 7

difference between inference at _________ level

Answer 7

operational and conceptional level