Three claims, four validities research methods for tge consumers of research

Question 1

empiricists

Answer 1

psychologists, drawing a coclusion about behaviour, emotion and cognition from systematic observations

Question 2

variable

Answer 2

something that varies

Question 3

measured variable

Answer 3

a variable that varies but cannot be changed by the researcher (height)

Question 4

manipulated variable

Answer 4

a variable that can be changed by the researcher (amount of water)

Question 5

conceptual variable

Answer 5

abstract concepts that are not visiable, also called constructs (intelligence)

Question 6

conceptual definitions

Answer 6

a conceptual variable that needs to be carefully be defined theoretically.

Question 7

operational variable/definitions

Answer 7

after a concpetual variable, converting an abstract concept into a varaible that can be measured or manipulated

Question 8

claim

Answer 8

an argument that someone is trying to make

Question 9

frequency claim

Answer 9

describes a certain percentage or degree of a single variable ( hom common or frequent something is ) only focusing on one variable and are always measured and not manipulated (example; two out of five americans say they worry everyday)

Question 10

association claim

Answer 10

representing the relationship between at least two variables. Stating that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a certain level of another variable. When one changes the other also tends to change (correlated or covariant)

Question 11

correlation study

Answer 11

measure association between two variables

Question 12

associations can be represented in a …

Answer 12

scatterplot

Question 13

relationships on a scatter plot

Answer 13

positive; vary in the same direction
negative; vary in different direction
zero; no relationship

Question 14

causal claims

Answer 14

a casual relationship between two variables indicated that one variable is responsible for change in the other.

Question 15

criteria for causality

Answer 15

two variables correlate, relationship cant be zero
must show that the causal variable came first and the outcome variable came later
no other explanations for their relationship, confounders must be excluded

Question 16

validity

Answer 16

appropriatness of a conlcusion or decision

Question 17

construct validity

Answer 17

how well the variables in a study are measured or manipulated. (am i really measuring what i want to measure ?)

Question 18

external validity

Answer 18

the extend to which the results of a study generalise to a larger population or to other times and contexts.

Question 19

internal validity

Answer 19

the extend to whcih one variable is responsible for changing the subsequent variable (to what extend is the variation in variable X responsible for the variation in variable Y)

Question 20

statistical validity

Answer 20

the extent to which the data support the conlusion.

Question 21

Deepening of frequency claims

Answer 21

construct validty; how well a concpetual variable is measured, the variable must be measured reliably (in such a way they produce similar results)
external validity: generalisability
statistical validity: how accurate the statsical results are and how reasonable (how well the figures support the claim)

Question 22

Deepening of association claims

Answer 22

association claims measure two variables instead of one, to evaluate them , we need to see how well they correlate.
Construct validity: the consutruct validity of each variable must be ensures, if one isnt reliable neither are the results.
external validity: how well the association claim can be generalised to the population
statistical validity: measure two aspects. Measure the strength of the association. When the association is strong, the prediction can be quiet accurate. Measure the statistical significance. if the sample is too small, the results may due to a chance association

Question 23

margine error of the estimate

Answer 23

(statistical validity in frequency claims) an interval, based on the size of the sample for the study, in which to attempt to include the true value in the population

Question 24

error in statistcal conlcusion : type one error

Answer 24

when a study incorrectly conlcudes that there is a relationship between two variables, when in fact there is no relationship (false positive)

Question 25

error in statistical conlcusion: type two error

Answer 25

when a study incorrectly concludes that there in no relationship between two varaibles, when in fact there is a realtionship (false negative)

Question 26

Deepening causal claims

Answer 26

covariance ; the degree to which two variables are related
time sequence: the cause perecends the effect
internal validity: the third variable criterion: there is no third alternative explanation

Question 27

random assignment

Answer 27

assigning particiapts to groups are randomly as possible, which isncreasis internal validity

Question 28

prioritising validty

Answer 28

normally its impossible to carry out a study that fuull fills all four validities simutaneously. Depending on the purpose of the study and the advandtages and disadtvantagesof the method, it will determin which validity has priority for the researcher.