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PSYC 112 > Thought and Language > Flashcards

Thought and Language Flashcards

1
Q

child centred talk

A

talk down to Childs level, happens in independent cultures

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2
Q

self - construal (how you perceive yourself)

A

different between independent cultures and interdependent cultures

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3
Q

independent cultures self-construal

A

internal attributes, think of self independent from group, personal goal take priority over group goals

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4
Q

interdependent cultures

A

social roles most important, think of self as part of group, group goals take priority, relationships crucial (determined by the group)

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5
Q

situation centred talk

A

child learns to adopt language to adult level, happens in interdependent cultures

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6
Q

symbolic representations

A

represent content but doesn’t resemble what it stands for e.g toilet symbols

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7
Q

analogical representation -mental images

A

picture of dog represents concept of dog, also has many similarities to dog

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8
Q

proposition thought

A

statements that express ideas, made up of concepts using subjects and what is being asserted about that subject (predicate), I love that cat

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9
Q

deductive reasoning

A

move from general rules to specifics to the situation e.g. all dogs have 4 legs, Fred has 4 legs, Fred is a dog (initial premises need to be correct)

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10
Q

inductive reasoning

A

start with specifics, infer general principles e.g. you ate two pineapples that were both sours, all pineapples are sour

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11
Q

belief bias

A

rather than apply logic, let beliefs determine whether conclusion is true or not

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12
Q

conformation bias

A

ignore information that disprove your beliefs, concentrate of information that prove your beliefs

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13
Q

What influences ability to reason

A

belief bias and conformation bias, the content of what we are reasoning about (e.g. experience makes it easier)

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14
Q

heuristics

A

shortcuts that are correct most of the time, help conserve cognitive resources

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15
Q

availability heuristic

A

aids inductive reasoning, used to judge the frequency of something happening (more available in memory, judged to be more frequent) , probability of something happening depends on how easy it is to retrieve

e.g. hears noise outside, if just watched a nature movie - probably just animals outside, just watched a horror movie - probably killer

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16
Q

saliency bias

A

using violent images when talking about immigrants, this is much easier to retrieve than data that may oppose violence in immigrants

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17
Q

strategies for problem solving

A

trial and error, algorithm, heuristics

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18
Q

algorithm problem solving

A

a rule that guarantees a solution, good for clearly defined problems

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19
Q

heuristic problem solving

A

doesn’t guarantee a solution, often work and save time, use knowledge from experience

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20
Q

means-end analysis

A

work step by step to get closer to the goal, monitor each step to see how much closer to the goal you are, series of moves, long pause, series of moves

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21
Q

hill climbing problem solving

A

one foot in front of the other, change the present state so that you are one step closer, cannot move backwards

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22
Q

creative problem solving

A

divergent thinking, often think of novel ways to solve the problem

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23
Q

analogy problem solving

A

think of a way we ave done things in the past, use the same way for present problem, the structure may be the same but content different or vice versa

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24
Q

obstacles to problem solving

A

mental set, functional fixedness

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25
Q

mental set

A

habits and assumptions you bring to solving a problem

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26
Q

functional fixedness

A

thinking of an object as only serving one purpose, that it was made to do

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27
Q

whorfian hypothesis

A

having a specific language determines (strong version) influences (weak version) how we think

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28
Q

evidence for a weak version of the whorfian hypothesis

A

colour processing, space and time, culture and thinking style

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29
Q

evidence AGAINST whorfian theory

A

Eleanor Rosch Dani tribe study

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30
Q

evidence FOR whorfian hypothesis

A

Russian blues experiment, they have a lot of terms for colours, can differentiate shades of blue much better than less colour terms

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31
Q

ego moving time

A

you are moving towards time

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32
Q

time moving time

A

sitting and receiving time

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33
Q

how does space have an effect on time

A

thinking about spatial motion underlies thinking about the abstract concept of time

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34
Q

spatial metaphors

A

‘behind’ schedule, ‘ahead’ of yourself, looking ‘forward’ to it

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35
Q

western style of thinking

A

analytic, focus on objects and properties, avoid contradictions, determining which position is correct

36
Q

eastern style of thinking

A

holistic, emphasising contexts and relations between elements, preference for compromise approaches and tolerance for contradictions

37
Q

absolute thinking style

A

ignoring contextual information, Americans better at this due to cultural way of thinking

38
Q

relative thinking style

A

incorporating contextual information, Japanese better at this due to cultural way of thinking

39
Q

does language encode different styles of thinking

A

yes

40
Q

is there enough evidence to support the strong version of whorfian hypothesis

A

no concepts are not unavailable to us just because we don’t have the language to talk about them, but yes for weak version

41
Q

what is intelligence

A

set of mental abilities, acquire and use knowledge, plan and solve problems by thought, adapt effectively with the environment and learn (quickly) from experience, in some cultures slow thinking is intelligent

42
Q

early ideas that the brain was involved in intelligence revealed

A

social biases e.g race, sex

43
Q

Samuel morton 1820s-1850s believed that (intelligence)

A

head size related to intelligence, ranking of races due to larger head in some races

44
Q

Paul broca 1824-1880 intelligence

A

weighed cadaver brains and compared groups, corrected for body size, created gender biases, heavier brain = more intelligence

45
Q

correlation between brain size and intelligence

A

0.33

46
Q

sir Francis Galton 1822-1911

A

intelligence is hereditary, coined the term eugenics, products of evolution, made first systematic attempts to measure intelligence

47
Q

eugenics

A

selective breeding so that desirable traits are kept in species and those with undesirable traits are prevented from breeding

48
Q

who referred to their measure of intelligence as atoms of intelligence

A

sir Francis Galton

49
Q

what was mental age compared to for IQ

A

chronological age

50
Q

what were IQ tests first used for

A

military positions, immigrants

51
Q

what was a problem with the mass IQ tests

A

they were not a fair test as US cultural norms were assumed

52
Q

what was mental age replaced with

A

standardised tests

53
Q

how is adult IQ calculated today

A

relative to other adults scores with a normal curve

54
Q

IQ is made of what subscales

A

verbal and performance

55
Q

what comes under verbal IQ

A

verbal comprehension index (vocab, comprehension, information etc) working memory index

56
Q

what comes under performance IQ

A

perceptual organisation (picture completion, visual puzzles etc), processing speed index (symbol search)

57
Q

what is the Flynn effect

A

over time people get progressively smarter due to the work becoming more complex

58
Q

what is the correlation coefficient (r)

A

measures the magnitude of the relation between two variables (-1.00 to +1.00) below 0 is negative correlation, above 0 is positive correlation, 0 is no relation

59
Q

what is the g factor

A

general factor, underlies performance on all intelligence subtests (If you do well on one test you will do well on another)

60
Q

what is the s factor

A

specific factors, specific to type of task (cluster of skills)

61
Q

what is fluid intelligence

A

speed and efficiency in novel tasks/new problems

62
Q

what is crystallised intelligence

A

acquired knowledge from culture and experiences, keeps growing as you get older

63
Q

when does fluid intelligence start to decline and stop

A

after adolescence

64
Q

when does crystallised intelligence stop

A

it doesn’t, continues to increase with age, different life pathways lead to different abilities

65
Q

how much variance in job success correlates with IQ

A

9-25%

66
Q

can IQ predict creativity

A

no

67
Q

does IQ at 11yo predict wellbeing and longevity

A

yes moderately

68
Q

what is sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

A

there are three types of intelligence, analytic, creative and practical

69
Q

what is Gardners theory of multiple intelligences

A

there are many types of intelligence, some people may be high in some areas and low in others

70
Q

what are the intelligence categories that Gardner proposes

A

Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal

71
Q

what are the arguments for Gardners theory of multiple intelligences

A

localisation of the brain, distinctive pattern of development, exceptional individuals

72
Q

what are some cultural variations of intelligence

A

talking versus listening, skills that foster stable intergroup relations, social competence over intellectual ability, relative importance of intelligence

73
Q

what did the Bell Curve (1994, Herrnstein & Murray) claim

A

IQ is mostly genetically determined, racial differences in IQ are due to hereditary factors, almost impossible to modify through education

74
Q

what is the correlation of monozygotic twins in the same environment vs IQ scores

A

0.85, decreases when variables become more separate e.g. different environment, dizygotic

75
Q

is IQ hereditary or affected by environment

A

both

76
Q

what is the abecedarian project 1970s

A

intervention vs non-intervention, kids in day care either got much stimulation or none, 70% intervention went to higher education education or skilled jobs, only 40% non-intervention

77
Q

is intelligence fixed

A

no

78
Q

what is most likely to explain racial differences in intelligence

A

environmental factors

79
Q

what happened to IQ of children adopted out from abusive families

A

showed massive gains

80
Q

how does heritability and environmental factors affect IQ

A

heritability determines cognitive potential and environment determines how close to this potential is reached

81
Q

Spencer, Steele and Quinn (1999)

A

girls did worse on maths tests when they were told it determined gender difference, no difference in gender performance when this was not mentioned, only thing acting on performance was stereotype threat (attributing inferiority to gender)

82
Q

do pre or post natal environments have an effect on IQ

A

yes, both

83
Q

why are African and European based Americans IQ converging

A

environments becoming more similar

84
Q

what is the evidence for the weak version of the Whorfian hypothesis

A

colour processing, space and time, culture and thinking style

85
Q

how much does comprehension precede vocabulary acquisition by

A

4 months

PSYC 112 (4 decks)

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