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PSYC 112 > Thought and Language > Flashcards

Thought and Language Flashcards

1
Q

child centred talk

A

talk down to Childs level, happens in independent cultures

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2
Q

self - construal (how you perceive yourself)

A

different between independent cultures and interdependent cultures

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3
Q

independent cultures self-construal

A

internal attributes, think of self independent from group, personal goal take priority over group goals

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4
Q

interdependent cultures

A

social roles most important, think of self as part of group, group goals take priority, relationships crucial (determined by the group)

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5
Q

situation centred talk

A

child learns to adopt language to adult level, happens in interdependent cultures

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6
Q

symbolic representations

A

represent content but doesn’t resemble what it stands for e.g toilet symbols

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7
Q

analogical representation -mental images

A

picture of dog represents concept of dog, also has many similarities to dog

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8
Q

proposition thought

A

statements that express ideas, made up of concepts using subjects and what is being asserted about that subject (predicate), I love that cat

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9
Q

deductive reasoning

A

move from general rules to specifics to the situation e.g. all dogs have 4 legs, Fred has 4 legs, Fred is a dog (initial premises need to be correct)

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10
Q

inductive reasoning

A

start with specifics, infer general principles e.g. you ate two pineapples that were both sours, all pineapples are sour

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11
Q

belief bias

A

rather than apply logic, let beliefs determine whether conclusion is true or not

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12
Q

conformation bias

A

ignore information that disprove your beliefs, concentrate of information that prove your beliefs

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13
Q

What influences ability to reason

A

belief bias and conformation bias, the content of what we are reasoning about (e.g. experience makes it easier)

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14
Q

heuristics

A

shortcuts that are correct most of the time, help conserve cognitive resources

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15
Q

availability heuristic

A

aids inductive reasoning, used to judge the frequency of something happening (more available in memory, judged to be more frequent) , probability of something happening depends on how easy it is to retrieve

e.g. hears noise outside, if just watched a nature movie - probably just animals outside, just watched a horror movie - probably killer

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16
Q

saliency bias

A

using violent images when talking about immigrants, this is much easier to retrieve than data that may oppose violence in immigrants

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17
Q

strategies for problem solving

A

trial and error, algorithm, heuristics

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18
Q

algorithm problem solving

A

a rule that guarantees a solution, good for clearly defined problems

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19
Q

heuristic problem solving

A

doesn’t guarantee a solution, often work and save time, use knowledge from experience

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20
Q

means-end analysis

A

work step by step to get closer to the goal, monitor each step to see how much closer to the goal you are, series of moves, long pause, series of moves

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21
Q

hill climbing problem solving

A

one foot in front of the other, change the present state so that you are one step closer, cannot move backwards

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22
Q

creative problem solving

A

divergent thinking, often think of novel ways to solve the problem

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23
Q

analogy problem solving

A

think of a way we ave done things in the past, use the same way for present problem, the structure may be the same but content different or vice versa

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24
Q

obstacles to problem solving

A

mental set, functional fixedness

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25
mental set
habits and assumptions you bring to solving a problem
26
functional fixedness
thinking of an object as only serving one purpose, that it was made to do
27
whorfian hypothesis
having a specific language determines (strong version) influences (weak version) how we think
28
evidence for a weak version of the whorfian hypothesis
colour processing, space and time, culture and thinking style
29
evidence AGAINST whorfian theory
Eleanor Rosch Dani tribe study
30
evidence FOR whorfian hypothesis
Russian blues experiment, they have a lot of terms for colours, can differentiate shades of blue much better than less colour terms
31
ego moving time
you are moving towards time
32
time moving time
sitting and receiving time
33
how does space have an effect on time
thinking about spatial motion underlies thinking about the abstract concept of time
34
spatial metaphors
'behind' schedule, 'ahead' of yourself, looking 'forward' to it
35
western style of thinking
analytic, focus on objects and properties, avoid contradictions, determining which position is correct
36
eastern style of thinking
holistic, emphasising contexts and relations between elements, preference for compromise approaches and tolerance for contradictions
37
absolute thinking style
ignoring contextual information, Americans better at this due to cultural way of thinking
38
relative thinking style
incorporating contextual information, Japanese better at this due to cultural way of thinking
39
does language encode different styles of thinking
yes
40
is there enough evidence to support the strong version of whorfian hypothesis
no concepts are not unavailable to us just because we don't have the language to talk about them, but yes for weak version
41
what is intelligence
set of mental abilities, acquire and use knowledge, plan and solve problems by thought, adapt effectively with the environment and learn (quickly) from experience, in some cultures slow thinking is intelligent
42
early ideas that the brain was involved in intelligence revealed
social biases e.g race, sex
43
Samuel morton 1820s-1850s believed that (intelligence)
head size related to intelligence, ranking of races due to larger head in some races
44
Paul broca 1824-1880 intelligence
weighed cadaver brains and compared groups, corrected for body size, created gender biases, heavier brain = more intelligence
45
correlation between brain size and intelligence
0.33
46
sir Francis Galton 1822-1911
intelligence is hereditary, coined the term eugenics, products of evolution, made first systematic attempts to measure intelligence
47
eugenics
selective breeding so that desirable traits are kept in species and those with undesirable traits are prevented from breeding
48
who referred to their measure of intelligence as atoms of intelligence
sir Francis Galton
49
what was mental age compared to for IQ
chronological age
50
what were IQ tests first used for
military positions, immigrants
51
what was a problem with the mass IQ tests
they were not a fair test as US cultural norms were assumed
52
what was mental age replaced with
standardised tests
53
how is adult IQ calculated today
relative to other adults scores with a normal curve
54
IQ is made of what subscales
verbal and performance
55
what comes under verbal IQ
verbal comprehension index (vocab, comprehension, information etc) working memory index
56
what comes under performance IQ
perceptual organisation (picture completion, visual puzzles etc), processing speed index (symbol search)
57
what is the Flynn effect
over time people get progressively smarter due to the work becoming more complex
58
what is the correlation coefficient (r)
measures the magnitude of the relation between two variables (-1.00 to +1.00) below 0 is negative correlation, above 0 is positive correlation, 0 is no relation
59
what is the g factor
general factor, underlies performance on all intelligence subtests (If you do well on one test you will do well on another)
60
what is the s factor
specific factors, specific to type of task (cluster of skills)
61
what is fluid intelligence
speed and efficiency in novel tasks/new problems
62
what is crystallised intelligence
acquired knowledge from culture and experiences, keeps growing as you get older
63
when does fluid intelligence start to decline and stop
after adolescence
64
when does crystallised intelligence stop
it doesn't, continues to increase with age, different life pathways lead to different abilities
65
how much variance in job success correlates with IQ
9-25%
66
can IQ predict creativity
no
67
does IQ at 11yo predict wellbeing and longevity
yes moderately
68
what is sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence
there are three types of intelligence, analytic, creative and practical
69
what is Gardners theory of multiple intelligences
there are many types of intelligence, some people may be high in some areas and low in others
70
what are the intelligence categories that Gardner proposes
Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal
71
what are the arguments for Gardners theory of multiple intelligences
localisation of the brain, distinctive pattern of development, exceptional individuals
72
what are some cultural variations of intelligence
talking versus listening, skills that foster stable intergroup relations, social competence over intellectual ability, relative importance of intelligence
73
what did the Bell Curve (1994, Herrnstein & Murray) claim
IQ is mostly genetically determined, racial differences in IQ are due to hereditary factors, almost impossible to modify through education
74
what is the correlation of monozygotic twins in the same environment vs IQ scores
0.85, decreases when variables become more separate e.g. different environment, dizygotic
75
is IQ hereditary or affected by environment
both
76
what is the abecedarian project 1970s
intervention vs non-intervention, kids in day care either got much stimulation or none, 70% intervention went to higher education education or skilled jobs, only 40% non-intervention
77
is intelligence fixed
no
78
what is most likely to explain racial differences in intelligence
environmental factors
79
what happened to IQ of children adopted out from abusive families
showed massive gains
80
how does heritability and environmental factors affect IQ
heritability determines cognitive potential and environment determines how close to this potential is reached
81
Spencer, Steele and Quinn (1999)
girls did worse on maths tests when they were told it determined gender difference, no difference in gender performance when this was not mentioned, only thing acting on performance was stereotype threat (attributing inferiority to gender)
82
do pre or post natal environments have an effect on IQ
yes, both
83
why are African and European based Americans IQ converging
environments becoming more similar
84
what is the evidence for the weak version of the Whorfian hypothesis
colour processing, space and time, culture and thinking style
85
how much does comprehension precede vocabulary acquisition by
4 months

PSYC 112 (4 decks)

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