Thought and Language

Question 1

Phonemes

Answer 1

single unit of sound that changes meaning e.g. dog vs log

Question 2

Morpheme

Answer 2

the smallest language units that carry meaning e.g. words, suffixes and prefixes

Question 3

Bound morphemes

Answer 3

affixes, suffixes

Question 4

unbound morphemes

Answer 4

words, content or function

Question 5

content words

Answer 5

carry essential meaning of sentence, can change as language evolves, nouns, verbs, adjectives, some adverbs

Question 6

what does semantic processing rely on

Answer 6

content words, these from concepts which are a unit of semantic memory

Question 7

function words

Answer 7

hold the words together, grammatical sense and flow, do not change as language evolves, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctives

Question 8

broca’s aphasia

Answer 8

can say content words, struggle with function words

Question 9

wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 9

can say function words, struggle with content words

Question 10

surface structure

Answer 10

organisation of words (Noam Chompsky)

Question 11

deep structure

Answer 11

meaning of sentence (Noam Chompsky)

Question 12

one deep structure but two surface structure

Answer 12

words in two sentences are organised differently but meaning is the same

Question 13

one surface structure having two different deep structures

Answer 13

words are organised the same but meaning of sentence is ambiguous

Question 14

when do infants prefer human sounds over animal sounds

Answer 14

3 months

Question 15

HAS: high amplitude sucking

Answer 15

suck harder to novel sounds, when start to suck less strongly, habituation

Question 16

VOT

Answer 16

time between release of consonant and onset of voicing

Question 17

categorical speech perception

Answer 17

put sounds into different categories

Question 18

detection of phonemic change is

Answer 18

modified by experience, lose differentiation of unnecessary sounds that do not bring meaningful change

Question 19

when do children fine tune to the language they are growing up in

Answer 19

9 months

Question 20

reduplicated babbling

Answer 20

happens after cooing, the same syllable over and over

Question 21

variegated babbling

Answer 21

after reduplicated babbling, syllables with different consonants and vowels

Question 22

when is it possible to tell the language from infant babbling

Answer 22

10 months

Question 23

protoword

Answer 23

sounds that stand for a specific word e.g. ga ga meaning water

Question 24

receptive vocabulary

Answer 24

word comprehension, precedes productive vocabulary by 4 months

Question 25

how much faster to acquire receptive vocab

Answer 25

twice as fast as productive vocab

Question 26

vocabulary burst

Answer 26

major increase in productive vocab rate after the first 50 words are learned

Question 27

why is there a vocab burst

Answer 27

symbolic nature of language (stands for things), control over articulation (motor control improves), easier retrieval (of words and language)

Question 28

underextension

Answer 28

dog only for family dog and not other dogs

Question 29

overextension

Answer 29

dog to refer to dogs and cats

Question 30

when does overextension usually occur

Answer 30

when the child has less words acquired, as this increases, overextension decreases

Question 31

holophrases

Answer 31

a single word that stands for an entire sentence

Question 32

when do children start to combine words

Answer 32

2 years

Question 33

when does syntax resemble adult language

Answer 33

4 years

Question 34

nativist views of language

Answer 34

children are biologically predisposed to learn language and its syntax, they acquire quickly, effortlessly and without being taught

Question 35

language bio program hypothesis and what is the evidence

Answer 35

children are innately programmed to acquire the syntax of language, evidence from creoles and pidgin languages

Question 36

pidgin languages

Answer 36

drawn from words and grammar from a group of languages, those who don’t share a common language, simple language

Question 37

creoles

Answer 37

when a pidgin language becomes a native language to a newborn, much more grammatically complex

Question 38

nativist view language sensitive period

Answer 38

ends after puberty once lateralisation occurs, evidence = isolated children and deaf signers

Question 39

Genie

Answer 39

intensive training after years of no language, different rates of words acquisition vs syntax (struggled mostly with syntax)

Question 40

deaf signers

Answer 40

those exposed to sign language at birth were more likely to make fewer syntax errors than those exposed early (4-6 yo) or late (12 yo)

Question 41

general learning capacities - statistical learning

Answer 41

children have highly developed pattern recognition, works off probability that a certain syllable will follow another, they use frequency of occurrence to do this

Question 42

are infants more interested in permitted or novel pairs of syllables

Answer 42

novel pairs

Question 43

what does a probability of 1 denote in statistical language acquisition

Answer 43

a word

Question 44

what does a probability of .33 denote

Answer 44

a word boundary

Question 45

when do babies start to coo

Answer 45

2 months onwards

Question 46

when does reduplicated cooing start to happen

Answer 46

6-7 months

Question 47

when does variegated babbling start to occur

Answer 47

11-12 months

Question 48

what are three pieces of evidence for a sensitive period for language

Answer 48

isolated children, deaf signers, immigrant language development (learning another language)

Question 49

what s the representativeness heuristic

Answer 49

when probability estimates is based on how similar something is to a category e.g. assuming someone is a surfer because they have long blond hair and are tan

Question 50

what is the conclusion of the mental rotation study

Answer 50

that we use analogical representations

Question 51

function words are also known as

Answer 51

closed class words