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PSYC 112 > Child Development > Flashcards

Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

why is age and development stage important for psychology context

A

children have big imagination, if they believed they were a superhero psychologist would not be worried compared to if it was an adult, situations are either a problem or not a problem dependent on age

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2
Q

what is continuous (quantitative) change

A

things we can measure e.g. getting a larger vocab as you develop

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3
Q

what are discontinuous (qualitative) change

A

things you cannot measure e.g. things that change completely like a tadpole to a frog

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4
Q

do humans develop continuously or discontinuously

A

both, get bigger but also learn to walk after crawling

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5
Q

do we develop due to genetic or environment factors and what is the evidence

A

both they interact, twins reared apart end up similar, some things different due to different environment

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6
Q

how do individuals develop traits specific to them

A

experiences and how they are interpreted

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7
Q

what is self-report as a form of data collection and what are some problems with this

A

ask the patient’s parents, or the patient but this may be harder, problems with this such as memory, social stigma

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8
Q

what are some forms of data collection

A

self-report, observation, experimental methods, clinical interview methods

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9
Q

what is experimental data collection methods

A

things like put something on their face, show them a mirror and see if they try and rub off and realise it is them in the mirror

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10
Q

what is a longitudinal research design

A

same group of people and follow them over time

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11
Q

what is a cross-sectional research design

A

use people of different developmental stages to get all ages needed

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12
Q

jean Piaget (1896-1980)

A

observed children and proposed a sequence (four stages) of development that all children follow

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13
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage

A

birth to 2 years, cognition due to external stimulation, cognition consist entirely of behaviour, learn object permanence concept, schema formation and representational thought

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14
Q

what is the object permanence concept

A

the idea that objects do not cease to exist if you can’t see them

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15
Q

what is the A not B effect

A

they will look in the last place the successfully found the object, not the last place they saw it

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16
Q

what is a schema

A

a mental representation or set of rules that defines a behaviour category, helps to understand current and future experiences (blueprint for what generally happens, social norms, what you can and can’t eat)

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17
Q

what is assimilation

A

new information is modified to fit an existing schema e.g. assume a new animal is a dog because that is what you know animals to be

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18
Q

what is accomodation

A

an existing schema is modified or changed by a new experience e.g. learn that it is not a dog, its a rabbit, schema grows

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19
Q

what is representational thought

A

ability to form mental representations of others behaviour, occurs towards end of sensorimotor stage

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20
Q

what is mental representation good for

A

imitation, deferred imitation (ability to imitate actions seen in the past), symbolic play (broom for a horse), use of words to represent objects

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21
Q

what is Piagets preoperational stage

A

2-7 years, ability to think logically and symbolically, rapid development of language, classification and categorisation, counting, object manipulation, ability to conserve, egocentric

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22
Q

what is conservation

A

the understanding that specific properties of objects (height, values etc) remain the same despite apparent changes or arrangement of those objects e.g. shaping or splitting play dough

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23
Q

what is egocentrism

A

a Childs belief that others see the word in precisely the same way that they do, cannot see others perspectives

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24
Q

what is Piagets concrete operational stage

A

7-12 years, ability to perform logical analysis, ability to empathise, understanding of complex cause-effect relations

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25
what is Piagets formal operational stage
12+ years, abstract reasoning, metacognition (thinking about thinking, knowing how you learn), reaching this stage is dependent on exposure to principles of scientific thinking
26
what was the weakness Piagets theory
he underestimated childrens abilities
27
What are Piagets criticisms
babies don't seem to start with nothing, cognitive development isn't an all or nothing phenomenon
28
what are characteristics of Piagets criticism 1
space and objects, number and mathematical reasoning, social cognition
29
what are characteristics of Piagets criticism 2
numerical skills in preschoolers, social cognition in preschoolers
30
when do children perceive the 'visual cliff' correctly
before crawling, 7-9 months
31
what is the effect of occlusion and when do infants understand it
infants perceiving something as more novel and pay more attention to it, 4 months
32
what is understanding of support and when do infants grasp it
whether a block will stay or fall depending on where it is placed, 6 months
33
when did Piaget say infants understood number and when do infants really show understanding of numbers
Piaget said 6 years, more like 6 months
34
what are the stages of social cognition and the ages that correspond to each stage
attempts to initiate facial expressions at 3 weeks, look in direction of mothers gaze at 9 months, they also show understanding of actions for intended goals at this age
35
when do children stop being egocentric, according to Piaget and when do they actually
Piaget said until 7 years (preoperational stage), actually around 2-4 years
36
when do infants understand other's likes and dislikes may be different from their own
18 months
37
when do infants pass true and false beliefs task
4 years
38
how is social development achieved
social learning theory, cognitive development theory, parents
39
what is the social learning theory
watching people and copying them/learning from them
40
what is the cognitive development theory
cognitive development drives social development, imitation, mental representation, seeing things from others perspectives will help us behave socially well
41
what is the principle of minimal sufficiency
minimum consequences that will lead to changed behaviour and internalise rules
42
how is parenting style a two-way street
parenting style affects child behaviour and child behaviour affects parenting style
43
what does emotional development involve
understanding others feelings, emotional regulation
44
what is moral development
not doing wrong things, doing right rather than refraining from doing wrong
45
Kohlbergs theory of moral development
studied boys aged 10-17 and gave scenarios with a moral decision
46
what is the preconventional level
behaviour based on external sanctions, such as authority and punishment
47
what is the conventional level
understand the social system cares about peoples behaviour, wanting to be regarded as good people, think about other people too and what they will think of you
48
what is the post conventional level
Moral rules apply to all situations, individuals rights can override laws as it is more ethical (must say the man in Kolhbergs theory should steal the drug to be in this level)
49
What were some criticisms to Kolhbergs moral theory
if you change the wording this changes responses, has gender and cultural biases, not great correlation between what you say and what you would do in real life
50
what is morphilogical sex
what you look like, sex organs
51
gender dysphoria
feeling like your biological gender and gender identity don't match
52
when do beginnings of gender typed preferences start
18 months
53
when does knowledge of own gender, preference for toys and friends of own sex and limited ability to assign gender to pictures
3 years
54
when is knowledge of own sex constant
5 years
55
gandelman, vom Saal and Jenisch 1977, testosterone in female mice resulted in
more male like behaviour
56
ward 1972, males deprived of testosterone...
behave more like females
57
physical aggression in males tends to be
biologically predisposed
58
gender differences in cognitive ability are partly due to
gender differences in brain
59
what is an improver of ability in spatial task in Men and women
higher testosterone levels, can also fluctuate during menstrual cycles
60
what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia
genetically you are a female but adrenal glands produce abnormal amounts of testosterone, produce male genitals
61
the case of Bruce reiner, identical twin that was circumcised, his went wrong so they cut it off and raised him as a girl
he felt like a boy and got surgery to change back, you can't change environment and expect it to work
62
montemayer 1974
6 and 8 year old boys and girls invited to play a game labelled as gender appropriate, neutral or inappropriate, children found game more interesting if it was gender appropriate or nuetral and performed higher in gender appropriate
63
morrongiello & Dawber, 1999, examined mother and father communication to son and daughters aged 2-4 years during free play and when teaching playground safety behaviour
mothers and fathers did not differ in communication, sons received more physical pressure than girls. found that parents may promote risk-taking behaviour in boys and greater perceived injury vulnerability amongst girls
64
smith & Lloyd 1978, mothers of young infants introduced to a 6-month old and asked to play, infants gender label was manipulated
parents behaved differently according to the gender label. Found that even when there are no differences in appearance or outward behaviour, parents treat children according to gender label
65
weisner & Wilson-mitchell 1990
parents who do not subscribe to gender differences in socialisation have children whose attitudes and behaviour reflect fewer gender stereotypes, parenting can make a difference
66
when is the scribbling stage
2-3 years, not representative (not trying to draw something)
67
what is the preschematic stage
first attempts at human drawing, tadpole drawings (circle and two lines for a human) 3-4 years
68
what is the schematic stage in drawing
develop a schema, separate trunk from head, initially omit or misplace arms, later add details and a neck ,5-6 years
69
what is the realistic stage in Childs drawing
marks end of art as a spontaneous activity, 9 years
70
what is the period of indecision
art is something to be done or left alone
71
what are projective measures for clinical use of childrens drawings
intelligence, psychological wellbeing, sexual abuse
72
florence good enough 1920s
draw a person test, estimating IQ based on drawing, drawing doesn't tell us much about intelligence
73
draw a family test, kinetic family drawings, house tree person test
to test psychological wellbeing, not a good predictor
74
are drawings a good indicator of sexual abuse
no
75
butler gross and Hayne 1995
fire station, those that drew recalled more information and were just as accurate
76
what governs childrens ability to act as reliable witnesses
memory, verbal reports, suggestibility
77
what are early memories limited by
short duration, context dependence, language competence, knowledge base
78
when do children have the memory capacity to provide forensically relevant information about past events
4-5 years
79
what is cognitive driven suggestibility
suggesting that e.g. a gun may have been present, changes the memory
80
what is socially driven suggestibility
scared of authority pressure, saying what they think the person wants them to say, not what they actually think
81
how was the questioning in the Kelly michaels case and the mcmartin preschool case innapropriate
they said they must be dumb if you couldn't remember it did happen/youre so smart you said it happened
82
what is direct examination
interviewed by prosecution
83
what is cross examination
interviewed by defence who are trying to discredit the child
84
what is re examination
protection interviews the child again to clarify
85
what is the competency requirement in child witnesses
child is questioned by the judge about obvious truths so see if they are a competent witness
86
is there a lower age limit of child witnesses
no
87
what are potential problems for child witnesses
lack of legal knowledge, confronting the accused, courtroom environment, cross-examination
88
what are the 3 options for children giving evidence regarding sexual abuse
in courtroom, with screen shielding accused, from another room in the court via CCTV, via prerecorded videotape
89
judge no longer warns jury that children are prone to
distortion of facts
90
how many NZ children aged 5 to 14 watch more than 2 hours of TV per day
64%
91
how many NZ secondary schoolers watch more than 3 hours of TV per day
35%
92
do children imitate tasks better when seen on TV or live
live
93
are educational DVDs just as useful as parent interaction
no
94
ball and bogatz 1970 sesame street study
targeted 3-5 year olds, Sesame Street aimed to foster intellectual and cultural curiosity in children from disadvantaged backgrounds, alphabet and writing skills before and after a 26 week season of the show. everyone started with same ability, the more Sesame Street was watched, the more they improved, however would expect improvement even without watching, children from low SES had biggest gains, learned even when watched alone
95
boyatzis matillo & Nesbit 1995, one group watched power rangers, another a non violent show, observer watched children for 2 mins after this, blind to which condition they were in
boys more aggressive than girls, those watched power rangers much more aggressive than others, doesn't say anything about long term
96
huessman et al 1984
assessed 8 year old boys and their parents for preference of violent TV. reinterviewed boys at age 30 and look at crime records, boys who preferred violent TV committed more serious crimes, there is a probable violent predisposition that makes you like violent TV and commit violent acts
97
children who watch shows with realistic repeated and unpunished violence are likely to
imitate
98
what is the average time spent playing video games per week for children and adolescents
5.5 for girls, 13 hours for boys
99
how many secondary schoolers play video games for more than 3 hours per day
20% for males, 5% for females
100
is videogames or TV increasing in time spent using for children
TV staying stable, videogames increasing
101
what are some benefits of videogame use
therapeutic/educational for those with chronic illnesses, improve motor skills and coordination, distract from physical and emotional pain, improve decision making and brain plasticity, foster persistence resilience and prosocial behaviour
102
Anderson and dill 2000 experiment 1
aggressive personality questionnaire, 91% reported video game usage of an average of 2.14 hours per week, video game use correlated with aggressive personality, nonaggressive and aggressive delinquency, doesn't tell us whether they play videogames because they are aggressive or they are aggressive because they play videogames
103
Anderson and dill 2000 experiment 2, one group played a violent video game, the other a non violent one, they then did a competitive reaction task, If they won they got to bast the other with white noise
women delivered longer blasts than men, those more aggressive in the questionnaire delivered longer blasts, those who played the violent game delivered longer blasts, all variables were controlled
104
can non-violent videogames have benefits
yes
105
why do violent videogames have worse dangers than violent TV
player is the aggressor, rewards for aggression
106
are there problems with studies on violent vieogame use
yes, methodological problems
107
violent videogames with a prosocial or a teamwork component are likely to be
less problematic
108
what is the order of drawing characteristics
tadpole drawings, separate trunk from head, substance added to limbs, arms correctly placed, detail (clothing etc), emergence of neck representation, more detail, varying expressions, use of profile
109
is the A not B theory true in real life
no it is not, it is an initial failure to override a motor habit
110
what is the conclusion of the visual cliff experiment
that babies do not start with nothing as Piaget thought
111
what is the best style of parenting and what characteristics does it have
authoritative, has high responsiveness and high demandingness
112
what is the first stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory
morality of punishment and obedience (want to do something to avoid punishment)
113
what is the second stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory
morality of naive instrumental hedonism (want/not want to do something in accordance to the pleasantness of its consequences)
114
what is the third stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory
morality of maintaining good relations (want to be regarded as good, well behaved people)
115
what is the fourth stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory
morality of maintaining social order (laws maintain social order and must be obeyed)
116
what is the fifth stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory
morality of social contacts (individual right can sometimes take priority over laws, authority can be wrong)
117
what is the sixth stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory
morality of ethical principles (need to say steal the drug to fall into this category, ethical values override laws)
118
what stages fall under the preconventional level of Kohlberg's moral theory
one and two
119
what stages fall under the conventional level of Kohlberg's moral theory
three and four
120
what stages fall under the post conventional level of Kohlberg's moral theory
five and six

PSYC 112 (4 decks)

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