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ANATOMY > Thorax (respiration And Circulation) > Flashcards

Thorax (respiration And Circulation) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the approximate surface area with the lungs?

A

The size of a racketball court

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2
Q

What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?

A

Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting portion
Respiratory portion

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4
Q

The nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx make up what part of the anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?

A

Upper respiratory tract

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5
Q

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs make up what part of the anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?

A

Lower respiratory tract

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6
Q

What are the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Airways from bronchi to terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

What are the components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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8
Q

Respiration involves several separate but related stages. These are:

A

Breathing or ventilation
Exchange of gases within the lungs or external respiration
Exchange of gases within the tissues or internal respiration
Oxygen utilization by the tissues or cellular respiration

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9
Q

Which of these stages of respiration is the respiratory system directly involved in?

A

Breathing or ventilation
Exchange of gases within the lungs or external respiration

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10
Q

How is air conditioned as we breath it in?

A

Temperature is changed
Moisture is added
Particles filtered out

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11
Q

What part does the respiratory system play in the defense of the body?

A

Filtering by nasal hair and mucosa.
Lysozyme, an enzyme, kills bacteria.
Alveolar macrophages phagocytize particles and bacteria within the alveoli.

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12
Q

What general structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Conducting airways: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles
Respiratory portion: Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveoli

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13
Q

What is the tubular structure that extends from the larynx inferiorly for 12 – 14 centimeters into the mediastinum?

A

Trachea

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14
Q

What structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea?

A

Esophagus

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15
Q

What is the tubular organ extending from the pharynx to the stomach?

A

Esophagus

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16
Q

The esophagus passes through what opening in the diaphragm?

A

Esophageal hiatus

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17
Q

The esophagus lies immediately anterior to what structures?

A

Vertebral bodies

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18
Q

What two sphincters are associated with the esophagus?

A

Superior esophageal sphincter
Inferior esophageal sphincter

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19
Q

What characteristics do all the bronchi of the lungs share?

A

Incomplete cartilage rings
Complete ring of smooth muscle

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20
Q

What structures keep the trachea patent?

A

C-shaped tracheal cartilages

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21
Q

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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22
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

Level of the sternal angle

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23
Q

What are the bifurcations of the trachea?

A

Primary bronchi

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24
Q

What is the most inferior, keel-shaped cartilage of the trachea?

A

Carina

25
Q

What is the highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before entering the terminal bronchioles?

A

Bronchial tree

26
Q

Which primary bronchus is more likely to have foreign objects fall lodge in it? Why?

A

Right
It is wider and steeper.

27
Q

What airways within the lungs are less than 1 mm in diameter?

A

Bronchioles

28
Q

Within the lungs what are the small saccular outpocketings that provide surfaces for the diffusion of gases?

A

Alveoli: they are the functional unit of respiration

29
Q

What serous membranes cover the lungs and line the internal thoracic wall?

A

Pleura

30
Q

What specific serous membranes adhere to the outer surfaces of the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

31
Q

What specific serous membrane lines the walls of the thorax cavity, the lateral surface of the mediastinum, and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm?

A

Parietal pleura

32
Q

What is the potential space between the layers of the serous membranes associated with the lungs?

A

Pleural cavity

33
Q

What is the general shape of the lungs?

A

Conical

34
Q

What portion of each lung is concave and lies on the diaphragm?

A

Base

35
Q

What portion of each lung is the superior, blunt end?

A

Apex

36
Q

How far superiorly does each lung extend?

A

Superior to the clavicle

37
Q

What portion of each lung is in contact with the thoracic wall?

A

Costal surface

38
Q

What portion of each lung is directed medially?

A

Mediastinal surface

39
Q

What portion of each lung is directed medially, oriented vertically, is indented, and is the area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass?

A

Hilum

40
Q

Collectively what are the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves passing into each lung called?

A

Root

41
Q

What is the indentation formed by the heart within the left lung?

A

Cardiac notch

42
Q

List the lobes of the right lung.

A

Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe

43
Q

List the lobes of the left lung.

A

Superior lobe
Inferior lobe

44
Q

List the formed elements of the blood.

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

45
Q

What circulatory circuit carries blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart?

A

Systemic circulation

46
Q

What circulatory circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary

47
Q

What is a communication between or coalescence of blood vessels?

A

Anastomosis

48
Q

What are vessels that form one-way pathways of blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart?

A

End arteries
Ex: Splenic artery to the spleen, Renal arteries to the kidneys, Subclavian artery to the upper extremity, Femoral artery to the lower extremity

49
Q

What are blood vessels that travel together?

A

Companion vessels
-These form counter currents with blood flowing in opposite directions. This allows heat from the body’s core to be absorbed by the vein which carries it back to the core.
-Counter currents are also important within the kidneys and allow these organs to perform their functions.

50
Q

The general term for describing the layers of tissue that form the walls of a blood vessel.

A

Blood Vessel Tunics

51
Q

Blood flows through what space within a blood vessel?

A

Lumen

52
Q

Functionally, what makes an artery an artery?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
-Note that in pulmonary circulation arteries carry unoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood while the opposite is true of the systemic circulation.

53
Q

What are the three types of arteries?

A

Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles

54
Q

What are some examples of elastic arteries?

A

Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Brachiocephalic artery
Common carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Common iliac artery

55
Q

What are some examples of muscular arteries?

A

Brachial artery
Anterior tibial artery
Coronary artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

56
Q

What is the smallest type of arteries?

A

Arterioles

57
Q

What type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?

A

Veins

58
Q

What is the smallest type of vein?

A

Venules

59
Q

How do veins differ structurally from arteries?

A

Less smooth muscle
Valves

ANATOMY (5 decks)

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