Thorax (respiration And Circulation) Flashcards
What is the approximate surface area with the lungs?
The size of a racketball court
What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
What are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system?
Conducting portion
Respiratory portion
The nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx make up what part of the anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs make up what part of the anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
Lower respiratory tract
What are the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Airways from bronchi to terminal bronchioles
What are the components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Respiration involves several separate but related stages. These are:
Breathing or ventilation
Exchange of gases within the lungs or external respiration
Exchange of gases within the tissues or internal respiration
Oxygen utilization by the tissues or cellular respiration
Which of these stages of respiration is the respiratory system directly involved in?
Breathing or ventilation
Exchange of gases within the lungs or external respiration
How is air conditioned as we breath it in?
Temperature is changed
Moisture is added
Particles filtered out
What part does the respiratory system play in the defense of the body?
Filtering by nasal hair and mucosa.
Lysozyme, an enzyme, kills bacteria.
Alveolar macrophages phagocytize particles and bacteria within the alveoli.
What general structures make up the lower respiratory tract?
Conducting airways: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles
Respiratory portion: Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveoli
What is the tubular structure that extends from the larynx inferiorly for 12 – 14 centimeters into the mediastinum?
Trachea
What structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea?
Esophagus
What is the tubular organ extending from the pharynx to the stomach?
Esophagus
The esophagus passes through what opening in the diaphragm?
Esophageal hiatus
The esophagus lies immediately anterior to what structures?
Vertebral bodies
What two sphincters are associated with the esophagus?
Superior esophageal sphincter
Inferior esophageal sphincter
What characteristics do all the bronchi of the lungs share?
Incomplete cartilage rings
Complete ring of smooth muscle
What structures keep the trachea patent?
C-shaped tracheal cartilages
What type of tissue lines the trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
At what level does the trachea bifurcate?
Level of the sternal angle
What are the bifurcations of the trachea?
Primary bronchi
What is the most inferior, keel-shaped cartilage of the trachea?
Carina
What is the highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before entering the terminal bronchioles?
Bronchial tree
Which primary bronchus is more likely to have foreign objects fall lodge in it? Why?
Right
It is wider and steeper.
What airways within the lungs are less than 1 mm in diameter?
Bronchioles
Within the lungs what are the small saccular outpocketings that provide surfaces for the diffusion of gases?
Alveoli: they are the functional unit of respiration
What serous membranes cover the lungs and line the internal thoracic wall?
Pleura
What specific serous membranes adhere to the outer surfaces of the lungs?
Visceral pleura
What specific serous membrane lines the walls of the thorax cavity, the lateral surface of the mediastinum, and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm?
Parietal pleura
What is the potential space between the layers of the serous membranes associated with the lungs?
Pleural cavity
What is the general shape of the lungs?
Conical
What portion of each lung is concave and lies on the diaphragm?
Base
What portion of each lung is the superior, blunt end?
Apex
How far superiorly does each lung extend?
Superior to the clavicle
What portion of each lung is in contact with the thoracic wall?
Costal surface
What portion of each lung is directed medially?
Mediastinal surface
What portion of each lung is directed medially, oriented vertically, is indented, and is the area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass?
Hilum
Collectively what are the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves passing into each lung called?
Root
What is the indentation formed by the heart within the left lung?
Cardiac notch
List the lobes of the right lung.
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
List the lobes of the left lung.
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
List the formed elements of the blood.
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
What circulatory circuit carries blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart?
Systemic circulation
What circulatory circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart?
Pulmonary
What is a communication between or coalescence of blood vessels?
Anastomosis
What are vessels that form one-way pathways of blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart?
End arteries
Ex: Splenic artery to the spleen, Renal arteries to the kidneys, Subclavian artery to the upper extremity, Femoral artery to the lower extremity
What are blood vessels that travel together?
Companion vessels
-These form counter currents with blood flowing in opposite directions. This allows heat from the body’s core to be absorbed by the vein which carries it back to the core.
-Counter currents are also important within the kidneys and allow these organs to perform their functions.
The general term for describing the layers of tissue that form the walls of a blood vessel.
Blood Vessel Tunics
Blood flows through what space within a blood vessel?
Lumen
Functionally, what makes an artery an artery?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
-Note that in pulmonary circulation arteries carry unoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood while the opposite is true of the systemic circulation.
What are the three types of arteries?
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
What are some examples of elastic arteries?
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Brachiocephalic artery
Common carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Common iliac artery
What are some examples of muscular arteries?
Brachial artery
Anterior tibial artery
Coronary artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
What is the smallest type of arteries?
Arterioles
What type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?
Veins
What is the smallest type of vein?
Venules
How do veins differ structurally from arteries?
Less smooth muscle
Valves
