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ANATOMY > Bone And Articulations > Flashcards

Bone And Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

List and define the two types of growth that cartilage undergoes.

A

Interstitial growth
•Chondrocytes housed in lacunae undergo mitosis.
•Following mitosis, the 2 cells occupy a single lacuna.
•The 2 cells synthesize new matrix & push apart
Appositional growth
•Stem cells at the internal edge of the perichondrium divide forming new stem cells and chondroblasts
•The new chondrocytes produce new matrix

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2
Q

List and define the four types of bone based on shape.

A

Long bones- femur
Short bones- tarsal
Flat bones- skull
Irregular bones, aka weird- vertebrae

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3
Q

What type of bone cells are stem cells derived from mesenchyme and found within the periosteum and endosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor

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4
Q

What type of bone cells are formed from stem cells and produce new bone?

A

Osteoblasts.
Blasts=Build

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5
Q

What are mature bone cells?

A

Osteocytes

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6
Q

What type of bone cells dissolve bone matrix?

A

Osteoclasts
Coasts=Dissolve

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7
Q

The material (organic and inorganic) formed by bone cells and lying in between them.

A

Bone matrix

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8
Q

What type of bone lies on the outside of an individual bone?

A

Cortical (compact) bone

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9
Q

What are one third of the organic components of the bone matrix?

A

Collagen fibers and ground substance

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10
Q

What are two thirds of the inorganic components of the bone matrix?

A

Calcium phosphate
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Ions of sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride

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11
Q

What type of bone forms a latticework within an individual bone?

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone

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12
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of cortical bone?

A

An osteon (Haversian system)

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13
Q

What are two synonyms for bone growth?

A

Osteogenesis
Ossification

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14
Q

What type of bone growth occurs in the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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15
Q

What is the growth process of Intramembranous ossification?

A

Ossification centers form within the thickened regions of mesenchyme.
Bone matrix (osteoid) undergoes calcification.
Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form.
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form.

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16
Q

What type of bone growth occurs in the bones of extremities, vertebrae, and the ends of the clavicles?

A

Endochondral ossification

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17
Q

What is the growth process of Endochondral ossification?

A

The fetal hyaline cartilage model develops.
Cartilage calcifies, and a bone collar forms.
The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis.
Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis.
Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines.

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18
Q

What is the anatomical term for “growth plate”?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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19
Q

Where does a bone increase in length?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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20
Q

What type of bone growth increases the length of a bone?

A

Interstitial growth

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21
Q

What type of bone growth increases the diameter of a bone?

A

Appositional growth

22
Q

Where does a bone increase in diameter?

A

Periosteum

23
Q

Bones are vascular. Through what openings do blood vessels enter bones?

A

Nutrient foramina

24
Q

Every joint in the body can be classified by…

A

what it is made of, AND how it moves.

25
Q

How do mobility and flexibility relate to one another?

A

Inversely - as one increases the other decreases.

26
Q

Based on structure, what are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous (Dense regular connective)
Cartilaginous (Cartilage, no cavity)
Synovial (Fluid filled cavity)

27
Q

Based on function (the extent of movement), what are three types of joints?

A

Synarthrosis-immovable
Amphiarthrosis-slightly movable
Diarthrosis-freely movable

28
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Joined by dense regular connective tissue
Immovable or only slightly movable
No joint cavity

29
Q

Gomphoses structure and function?

A

Only seen in the teeth.
Functionally:
Synarthrodial
Structurally:
Fibrous

30
Q

Sutures function and structure?

A

Only found in the skull
Structurally:
Fibrous
Functionally:
Synarthrodial

31
Q

What are syndesmoses joints?

A

Fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue
Interosseous membrane
Structurally: Fibrous
Functionally: Amphiarthrodial

32
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Bones joined directly to cartilage
Sometimes hyaline, sometimes Fibrocartilage
No cavity no fluid,

33
Q

What is the function, structure, and location of the synchondroses joint?

A

Contain hyaline cartilage
Two locations: Growth plate, rib to costal cartilage
Functionally: Snyarthrodial
Structurally: Cartilagenous

34
Q

What is the function, structure, and location of the symphyses joint?

A

Fibrocartilage
Two locations in the body: Intervertebral discs, Symphysis pubis
Functionally: Amphiarthrodial
Structurally: Cartilagenous

35
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A

Fluid filled capsule
Bone ends are covered in articular cartilage (hyaline) to protect the bone, by reducing friction.
Functionally: Diarthrodial
Structurally: Synovial (These are the most common joint type)

36
Q

What structure surrounds a synovial joint and forms its cavity?

A

Articular capsule (joint capsule)

37
Q

What is the outer layer of a joint capsule?

A

Fibrous (joint) capsule

38
Q

What is the inner layer of a joint capsule?

A

Synovial membrane
Produces synovial fluid
Protects
Nourishes
Lubricates

39
Q

How does synovial fluid minimize the strain of loaded movement?

A

It is slimy/slick

40
Q

How does synovial sheaths minimize the strain of loaded movement?

A

Contains synovial fluid around the tendon, reduces friction

41
Q

How do fat pads minimize the strain of loaded movement?

A

They are pads made of fat. Like a cushion.

42
Q

How do cartilage discs minimize the strain of loaded movement?

A

Fills space in larger joint capsules, guides movement

43
Q

How does the bursa minimize the strain of loaded movement?

A

Extra bag of fluid (Synovial) disperses pressure

44
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

One side has a slight oval protrusion, the other an elliptical recess.
Two planes of motion.
Ex: pointer finger knuckle

45
Q

What are gliding joints?

A

The joint is formed by flat or mostly flat surfaces.
The two bones then “glide” back and forth.
Can have one or two planes of movement.
Ex: wrist

46
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

It looks, (and acts) like a hinge!
The protruding condyle fits into a corresponding recess, and it has one plane of motion.
Ex: ankle

47
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

One bone has a rounded projection (ball) that fits into a cup-like recess (socket)
This arrangement allows the joint to have three planes of movement possible.
Ex: knee

48
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

One bone is convex, the other concave.
Kinda looks like two saddles on top of each other.
Two planes of motion are possible.
Ex:

49
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

The structure of these joints vary, but they rotate along a central axis.
Only one plane of motion.

50
Q

What are the movements of synovial joints?

A

Angular Motion, Extension, Hyperextension, Flexion, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation- Pronation, Supination

ANATOMY (5 decks)

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