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GSSE Anatomy > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

A cuff of pleura projected around the lung root that hangs as an empty fold

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2
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary ligament?

A

Provides dead space for descent of the lung root in inspiration, esp the pulmonary vein

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3
Q

What is the pleura made of?

A

A single layer of mesothelium

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4
Q

Nerve supply of the pleura?

A

Parietal- somatic nerves, mostly intercostal. Over the diaphragm and mediastinum- phrenic nerve. Visceral is only supplied by autonomic

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5
Q

Which nerves pierce the crura?

A

The splanchnic nerves

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6
Q

What does the right phrenic nerve pass through when exiting the thorax?

A

The central tendon of the diaphragm

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7
Q

Where do the sympathetic trunks enter the abdomen?

A

Behind the medial arcuate ligaments

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8
Q

Where does the vagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

The oesophageal opening at T10

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9
Q

What is the sensory function of the phrenic nerve?

A

Innervated the central part of the diaphragm, the pericardium and the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura

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10
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve arise?

A

At the lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle. It then passes over the anterior scalene

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11
Q

Is the phrenic nerve deep to the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve run in relation to the subclavian vein?

A

Posterior

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13
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve pass in relation to the subclavian artery?

A

Anteriorly over the lateral part

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14
Q

Where do the right and left phrenic nerves enter the thorax?

A

Via the superior thoracic aperture

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15
Q

What is the course of the right phrenic nerve in the thorax?

A

It descends anteriorly along the right lung root and courses along the pericardium of the right atrium of the heart

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16
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve leave the thorax?

A

It pierces the diaphragm at the inferior vena cava opening and innervated the inferior surface of the diaphragm

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17
Q

What is the course of the left phrenic nerve in the thorax?

A

Descends anterior to the left lung root
Crosses the aortic arch and bypasses the vagus nerve
Courses along the pericardium of the left ventricle

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18
Q

Where does the left phrenic nerve leave the diaphragm?

A

Pierces and innervated the inferior surface of the diaphragm

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19
Q

What is the blood supply to the breast?

A

Mostly from lateral thoracic with additional from internal mammary

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20
Q

Where does the lymph of the lateral breast drain to?

A

Axillary and infraclavicular lymph nodes

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21
Q

Where is the breast located on the chest wall?

A

2nd to 6th ribs

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22
Q

Where does the lymph of the medial breast drain to?

A

Internal thoracic (parasternal) nodes

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23
Q

What is the surface markings of the heart valves?

A

They all lie behind the sternum in a nearly vertical line in the order PAMT
Tricuspid midline lower sternum, mitral above and a little to the left.
Aortic and pulmonary are behind the left border of the sternum at the third costal cartilage

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24
Q

Where do you auscultate the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd intercostal space, left sternal border

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25
Q

Where do you auscultate the aortic valve?

A

right sternal margin, second intercostal space

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26
Q

Where do you auscultate the tricuspid valve?

A

left sternal border 4th intercostal space

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27
Q

Where do you auscultate the mitral valve?

A

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

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28
Q

What is the azygous vein formed by?

A

The union of right lumbar and subcostal veins

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29
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins lie in relation to the main bronchus in the right lung root?

A

Anterior and inferior

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30
Q

Does the right upper lobe bronchus leave the main bronchus outside the lung?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What are the features of tetralogy of Fallot?

A

pulmonary stenosis with an overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and consequent right ventricular hypertrophy.

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32
Q

What are the cusps of the pulmonary artery?

A

The pulmonary valve has left, right, and anterior cusps

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33
Q

What are the cusps of the aortic valve?

A

The aortic valve has left, right, and posterior cusps

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34
Q

Which is higher the aortic or pulmonary valve?

A

The pulmonary

35
Q

The vagal trunks accompany which structure on their passage through the diaphragm?

A

The oesophagus

36
Q

What is the posterior surface of the heart mainly made up of?

A

The left atrium

37
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart made up of?

A

right atrium, the atrioventricular groove, one-third of right ventricle and two-thirds of left ventricle, and the posterior interventricular artery

38
Q

What is the anterior surface of the heart made up of?

A

The anterior surface is made up of right atrium, right ventricle, atrioventricular groove and a fine portion of the left ventricle

39
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea and bronchi?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

40
Q

How many anterior and posterior veins are there per interspace?

A

2 anterior and 1 posterior vein per interspace

41
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

musculophrenic and internal thoracic veins. The 2nd and 3rd — and sometimes fourth— spaces drain into the superior intercostal vein

42
Q

Where does the first anterior intercostal vein drain?

A

The 1st interspace is drained by the supreme intercostal vein which drains into the vertebral or brachiocephalic veins

43
Q

What is the order of neurovascular structures in the interspace?

A

VAN- vein artery nerve

44
Q

Which muscles attach to the first rib?

A

Scalenus anterior, scalenus medius and subclavius, intercostals

45
Q

What are the position of structures relative to the right vagus in the mediastinum?

A

The trachea—medial The right lung root—anterior The right subclavian artery—posterior

46
Q

At what level does the thoracic duct commence?

A

T12

47
Q

Where does the thoracic duct enter the thorax?

A

With the aorta at T12

48
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie in relation to the oesophagus in the mediastinum?

A

travels from right to left behind the oesophagus, around vertebral level T5 in the posterior mediastinum

49
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

confluence of left subclavian and internal jugular veins in the neck

50
Q

Which part of the serous pericardium receives no innervation?

A

The visceral; the parietal is innervated by the phrenic nerve

51
Q

Which part of the pericardium fuses with the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A

The fibrous pericardium

52
Q

What is the surface marking of the right border of the heart?

A

lower aspect of the right third costal cartilage to the lower aspect of the right sixth costal cartilage

53
Q

What is the surface marking of the inferior border of the heart?

A

he inferior border extends from the right sixth costal cartilage to the apex, which is usually in the left fifth intercostal space

54
Q

What is the surface marking of the left border of the heart?

A

From the apex, the left border extends upwards to the lower border of the left second costal cartilage approximately 2 cm from the margin of the sternum.

55
Q

What is the blood supply of the SA node?

A

60% of people from right coronary, 40% from circumflex (branch of left coronary)

56
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

wall of the right atrium, just below the superior vena cava

57
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

in the interatrial septum above and left of the coronary sinus orifice

58
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve lie in the mediastinum?

A

As far laterally as possible

59
Q

What are the medial relations of the right phrenic nerve?

A

Venous structures: the brachiocephalic and azygos veins, right atrium, and the superior and inferior vena cava

60
Q

What are the medial relations of the left phrenic nerve?

A

left superior intercostal vein and left ventricle as its medial relations

61
Q

Which fissure separates the upper and middle lobes in the right lung?

A

The horizontal fissure

62
Q

Which fissure separates the middle and lower lobes in the right lung?

A

The oblique fissure

63
Q

What is the fissure called that separates the left lung into upper and lower lobes?

A

The oblique fissure

64
Q

Where is the rough portion of the right atrium?

A

To the left of the crista terminalis- this is the atrium proper

65
Q

Where is the smooth portion of the right atrium?

A

To the right of the crista terminalis- called the sinus venosum

66
Q

Does the phrenic nerve have more motor or sensory fibres?

A

Motor

67
Q

Which part of the subclavian artery does the internal thoracic branch from?

A

The first part

68
Q

Where does the lymph of the middle area of the oesophagus drain to?

A

The visceral preaortic nodes

69
Q

What do the tracheobronchial lymph nodes drain?

A

the heart and lungs

70
Q

What lies anterior to the trachea in the thorax?

A

Anterior to the thoracic trachea lie the great vessels arising from the aortic arch.

71
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain?

A

Into the azygous/ hemiazygous system

72
Q

Is there intervening pericardium between the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

No

73
Q

Do the pulmonary veins and IVC share a common sleeve of serous pericardium?

A

Yes

74
Q

Where is the transverse sinus in relation to the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Posterior

75
Q

Which vertebrae is the right crus attached to?

A

L1-3 and intervertebral discs

76
Q

Which vertebrae is the left crus attached to?

A

L1-2 and the intervertebral discs

77
Q

Which plexus does the thoracic sympathetic trunk send fibres to?

A

The cardiac plexus

78
Q

What forms the greater splanchnic nerve?

A

The thoracic sympathetic trunk from 5th-9th ganglia

79
Q

What forms the lesser splanchnic nerve?

A

The thoracic sympathetic trunk from 10th and 11th ganglia

80
Q

How many bronchial arteries are there usually?

A

3

81
Q

Where do the bronchial arteries come from?

A

Two bronchial arteries are located on the left and are direct branches from the aorta. One bronchial artery is located on the right and is a branch from the third right posterior intercostal artery

82
Q

Branches of sublcavian artery? (VIT C and D)

A

Vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical
Costocervical trunk
Dorsal scapula

83
Q

Branches of sublcavian artery? (VIT C and D)

A

Vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical
Costocervical trunk
Dorsal scapula

GSSE Anatomy (11 decks)

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