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MSc Human Anatomy and Education trunk and limbs > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What structures lie at the level of the sternal angle?

A 
2nd rib 
T4 Vertebra 
great vessels of the heart (PA bifurcation)
trachea bifurcation
azygous vein drains into SVC
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2
Q

what is the jugular notch also known as?

A

suprasternal notch of manubrium

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3
Q

Osteology: what are the atypical features of 1st rib?

A

1 articular facet on head (articulates with T1)
scalene tubercle (anterior scalene attaches)
subclavian artery and vein grooves (Vein anterior to scalene tubercle, artery posterior)
most curved and flat rib

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4
Q

Osteology:

What are the features of a typical rib?

A

head (with 2 articular facets - aka demi-facets), neck, tubercle (for costo-transverse joint) and body

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5
Q

Osteology: which ribs are typical ribs?

A

3-9

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6
Q

Osteology: what is a true rib?

A

articulates directly with its own costal cartilage and the sternum (ribs 1-7)

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7
Q

Osteology: what is a false rib and which ribs are false?

A

doesn’t have its own costal cartilage that articulates directly with the sternum but does articulate with costal cartilage
ribs 8, 9 and 10

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8
Q

Osteology:

what is a floating rib?

A

ribs 11 and 12 - only articulate with the vertebra

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9
Q

Osteology:

What ribs are atypical?

A

1, 2, 10, 11 and 12

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10
Q

Osteology:

What are the atypical features of rib 2?

A

tuberosity for serratus anterior attachment

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11
Q

Osteology: what are the atypical features of rib 10?

A

one articular facet joint (costo-vertebral joint)

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12
Q

Osteology: What are the atypical features of ribs 11 and 12?

A

one articular facet on head (costovertebral joint) - articulates only T11/T12 respectively
no neck or tubercle (there is no costotransverse joint here)

both floating ribs

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13
Q

Osteology:

What does the clavicle articulate with?

A

manubrium and acromion

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14
Q

Osteology:

what attaches the clavicle to the coronoid process?

A

ligaments

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15
Q

Osteology:

what vertebra is this?

A 
T6 - note heart shaped vertebral body 
small vetebral foramina 
demi-facets 
costal facets on Transverse processes 
Inferior slanting spinous process
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16
Q

Osteology:

where would you find this vertebra?

A

lumbar

  • big kidney bean shaped vertebral body
  • short and straight spinous process (does not slant like thoracic does)
  • intervetebral articular facets angled medially (allows for movement in lumbar spine)
  • no articulations with transverse processes (no costal facets like in T6 for example)
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17
Q

Osteology:

compare the cervical vertebra with the lumbar

A

cervical -

  • wide vetebral foramen
  • small vetebral body
  • transverse foramina
  • bifid spinous process
  • intervetebral facet joints slant inferiorly

both have short spinous process generally which don’t extend inferiorly

lumbar -

  • facet joints slant inferior-medially
  • long transverse processes
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18
Q

Osteology:

which rib is this?

A

typical rib - 5

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19
Q

Osteology:

Name the following ribs:

A
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20
Q

Osteology:

what rib does T10 articulate with ?

A

10

21
Q

what vertebra does rib 2 articulate with?

A

T1 and 2

22
Q

what vertebra does rib 8 articulate with?

A

T7 and 8

23
Q

where does the pleura of the lungs extend to inferiorly?

A

T12 in midline posteriorly, rib 10 in posterior axillary line, rib 9 anteriorly

24
Q

where do the lungs extend to inferiorly?

A

T10 posterior midline
8th rib mid axillary line
rib 6 mid clavicular line (just below the level of the xiphisternum)

25
Q

where does the oblique fissure run?

A

T4 posteriorly
crosses 5th intercostal space in mid-axillary line
6th rib anteriorly in mid-clavicular line

26
Q

where is the horizontal fissure?

A

right lung
runs from 4th costal cartilage anteriorly to the 5th intercostal space in the mid axillary line (where it meets the oblique fissure)

27
Q

describe in terms of surface anatomy the location of the borders of the heart

A

superior right atrium - 2nd IC space 1cm lateral to body of sternum
inferior right atrium - 5th intercostal space 1cm lateral to body of sternum
superior left atrium - 2nd IC space 2,3 cm lateral to body of sternum
apex - 5th IC space in mid clavicular line

28
Q

where do the medial and lateral pectoral nerve branch from?

A

medial and lateral chords of the brachial plexus

29
Q

what are the nerve roots of the medial and lateral pectoral nerves?

A

lateral - c5-c7

medial - c8-t1

30
Q

what do the medial and lateral pectoral nerves supply?

A

pec major and minor

31
Q

where can you find the medial pectoral nerve?

A

penetrating through pec minor near to its attachment to the coracoid process

32
Q

what structures should you find in the hilum of the lung?

A

bronchi (most posteriorly theoretically)
pulmonary artery (most superior ish and anterior to bronchi)
pulmonary veins ( most inferior and anterior)
bronchial arteries - very small and around the bronchi

33
Q

in the bronchial tree - which part has complete rings of cartilage?

A

main right and left (primary) bronchi

34
Q

how many lobar (secondary) bronchi are there?

A

2 on left and 3 on right

35
Q

what order do the bronchi branch in?

A

main bronchi, lobar, segmental (then becomes bronchioles)

36
Q

what is the difference between a bronchi and a bronchiole

A

size and cartilage (bronchioles do not have cartilage)

37
Q

why do IFBs often get stuck in the right main bronchus?

A

complete rings of cartilage and more vertical orientation

38
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

segmental bronchi divide the lung up into these segments which are functional units

39
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the lung?

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

40
Q

what are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive

41
Q

where does the phrenic nerve descend?

A

through middle mediastinum overlying the fibrous pericardium

42
Q

what is the function of the phrenic nerve?

A

motor - diaphragm

sensory - diaphragm, pleura of lung, pericardium, IVC and peritoneum

43
Q

what artery runs with the phrenic nerve?

A

pericardiophrenic artery

44
Q

describe the path of the vagus nerve

A

medulla, jugular foramen, carotid sheath, follows oesophagus through the diaphragm

45
Q

where can you locate the left vagus nerve in the superior mediastinum ?

A

posterior to the left brachiocephalic vein

in between the left subclavian and left common carotid artery

46
Q

where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve? what does it innervate?

A

loops under arch of aorta - branch of vagus, innervates the larynx

47
Q

where is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

loops under right subclavian artery then ascends to larynx

48
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

Sensory: Innervates the skin of the external acoustic meatus and the internal surfaces of the laryngopharynx and larynx. Provides visceral sensation to the heart and abdominal viscera.
Special Sensory: Provides taste sensation to the epiglottis and root of the tongue.
Motor: Provides motor innervation to the majority of the muscles of the pharynx, soft palate and larynx.
Parasympathetic: Innervates the smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi and gastro-intestinal tract and regulates heart rhythm.

MSc Human Anatomy and Education trunk and limbs (8 decks)

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