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MSc Human Anatomy and Education trunk and limbs > Head and neck week 1 > Flashcards

Head and neck week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the typical features of cervical vertebrae?

A

bifid spinous process
triangular vertebral foramen
transverse foramina

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2
Q

what are the atypical features of C1?

A 
no vertebral body 
no spinous process 
articular facet for dens 
groove for vertebral arteries 
'lateral masses'
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3
Q

describe the articulation between the skull and the atlas

A

the occipital condyles articulate with the superior articular facets of the atlas allowing flexion and extension of the head - nodding

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4
Q

what is C2 (axis) atypical?

A

the dens (odontoid process)

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5
Q

describe the 3 key features of the mandible?

A

Ramus
body
angle

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6
Q

label the following

A
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7
Q

label:

A
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8
Q
A
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9
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10
Q
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

what are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

SCM
midline
body of mandible

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13
Q

what are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

clavicle
SCM
trapezius

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14
Q

what does the mandible articulate with?

A

temporal bone

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15
Q

what attaches to the coronoid process of mandible

A

temporalis

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16
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

mylohyoid
stylohyoid
digastric (anterior belly)
geniohyoid

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17
Q

what are the 4 infrahyoids

A

sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
sternohyoid
omohyoid

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18
Q

what are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A 
hyoid bone 
suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles 
submandibular gland 
common carotid artery and bifurcation 
IJV 
facial artery 
hypoglossal nerve 
vagus nerve 
accessory nerve 
?glossopharyngeal and facial?
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19
Q

identify the triangles within the anterior triangle particularly

A
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20
Q

outline the submental, submandibular, carotid and muscular triangles

A
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21
Q

what 3 structures divide the anterior triangle into the 4 smaller ones?

A

hyoid, omohyoid, digastric

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22
Q

how is the posterior triangle divided?

A
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23
Q

what is within the posterior triangle?

A

posterior belly omohyoid
vetebral muscles (splenius capitis, leveator scapulae, ant/mid/post scalene)
EJV - pierces investing fascia and drains into subclavian vein
Subclavian artery - between ant/med scalene
CN XI (accessory)
cervical plexus - nerve point 1/3 from mastoid process along posterior border of SCM
Brachial plexus trunks - between and/med scalene

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24
Q

what is the black arrow pointing to?

A

nerve point of neck - for cervical plexus block

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25
Q
A
26
Q
A
27
Q

what is the oral cavity proper?

A

space between the 2 arches (meaning between the mandible and the maxilla)

28
Q

what is the oral cavity divided into?

A

oral cavity proper and vestibule

29
Q

what is the vestibule?

A

space between the teeth and the lips/cheeks

30
Q

what are deciduous/permanent teeth?

A

deciduous - primary dentition (children)

permanent - secondary dentition (adult)

31
Q

how many deciduous teeth are there?

A

20

2 incisors, 1 canine and 2 molars in each quadrant

32
Q

by what age should all deciduous teeth erupt?

A

3 years

33
Q

how many permanent teeth are there?

A

32

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars in each quadrant

34
Q

which is the first permanent tooth to erupt?

A

1st molar - erupts distal to primary dentition at age of around 6 years

35
Q
A
36
Q

what age does the permanent central incisors erupt?

A

7th year

37
Q

when do the deciduous central incisors erupt?

A

8-10 months - first teeth

38
Q
A
39
Q

what arteries supply the neck mainly?

A

common carotid (mainly external carotid) and subclavian

40
Q

name the branches of the ECA

A

some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students

41
Q

what are the main branches of the subclavian artery?

A

vetebral
thyrocervical trunk
costocervical trunk
internal mammary

42
Q

what are the main veins draining the neck and face?

A
43
Q

where does the cervical plexus arise from?

A

C1-C4 anterior rami

44
Q

what does the cervical plexus divide into?

A 
ansa cervicalis (motor)
cutaneous branches (sensory)
45
Q

describe the origins and insertions of platysma

A

blends with superficial cervical fascia
originates from deltoid and pec major fascia
traverses the clavicle
inserts into facial muscles and inferior border of mandible

46
Q
A
47
Q

what are the layers of the deep cervical fascia?

A

investing
pre-tracheal (aka middle layer of deep fascia)
pre-vertebral (aka deep layer of deep fascia)
carotid sheath formed by all 3

48
Q

describe the attachments of the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia

A

collar around neck

mandible 
mastoid process 
superior nuchal line 
external occipital protuberance 
spinous processes cervical vertebrae 
nuchal ligament 
manubrium upper border 
upper surface clavicle 
acromion 
spine of scapular
49
Q

what does the investing fascia encircle?

A

SCM
Trapezius
submandibular and parotid salivary glands

50
Q

what is the pre-tracheal fascia divided up into?

A

visceral (surrounds thyroid, trachea and oesophagus) and muscular portions (surrounds infrahyoids)

51
Q

what are the attachments of the pre-tracheal fascia?

A

hyoid
buccopharyngeal membrane
fibrous pericardium

52
Q

where does the buccopharyngeal membrane extend from and to?

A

base of skull to diaphragm

53
Q

where is the retropharyngeal space?

A

between the buccopharyngeal membrane and the alar fascia

LNs here in children - can become suppurative eg. complication of tonsillitis - retropharyngeal abscess

54
Q

what are the borders of the pre-vertebral fascia?

A

base of skull to T3 where it blends with the anterior longitudinal ligament
posteriorly - spinous processes
laterally extends as axillary sheath around axillary vessels and brachial plexus

55
Q

what does the pre-vertebral fascia encircle?

A

verterbrae and muscles surrounding them

  • levator scapulae
  • splenius capitis
  • scalenes
  • longus capitis and colli
56
Q

what is the alar fascia?

A

an anterior slip of the prevertebral fascia which extends from base of skull down to pre-tracheal fascia at level of around T2
the function is to prevent infection spreading from the retro-pharyngeal space to the danger space which is between the alar fascia and the pre-vertebral fascia as this space extends all the way down to the coccyx

57
Q
A
58
Q
A

red - efferent
blue - afferent
small dashes - parasympathetic
larger dashes - sympathetic

59
Q

describe the course of the facial nerve

A

pons (as sensory (aka intermediate nerve) and motor root)
travel through internal acoustic meatus
leaves via the facial canal where it formms the geniculate ganglion then gives off its intracranial branches
leaves skull via the stylomastoid foramen
gives off EC branches

60
Q
A

MSc Human Anatomy and Education trunk and limbs (8 decks)

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