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Biomechanics II > Thoracolumbar osteology and arthrology - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Thoracolumbar osteology and arthrology - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the osteology of the vertebrae and ribs

A

provides vertical stability
protects spinal cord
protects ventral and dorsal verve roots and exiting spinal nerve

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2
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the vertebrae

A

vertebral body
posterior elements
pedicles

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the vertebral body

A

anterior
primary WB component

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4
Q

what are the posterior elements of the vertebrae

A

transverse spinous process, laminae, articular process

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5
Q

what are the pedicles of the vertebrae

what are their purposes

A

bridge that connects body-posterior elements
thick/strong
transfers muscles forces applied to posterior elements for dispersion across the body/disc

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6
Q

what type of shoes would alter the line of gravity throughout the body

how do they change the line of gravity

A

high heels
put the line of gravity behind the body

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7
Q

what is the overall purpose of the ligaments throughout the spine

A

limit motion
help maintain natural curves
protect the spinal cord/nerve roots by stabilizing the spine
different strengths and functions

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8
Q

what is the function of the the ligamentous flavum

where is it located

A

resists end ROM flexion

posterior to spinal cord

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9
Q

where is the interspinous ligament located

A

between adjacent spinous processes and blends with ligamentum flavum

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10
Q

where is the supraspinous ligament located

A

between tips of spinous processes

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11
Q

when is the intertransverse ligament taught

A

contralateral flexion

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12
Q

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run

what is its function

A

occiput to scarum

fiber reinforce anterior disc

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13
Q

where does the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

what is its function

A

C2-sacrum in the canal

blends with and reinforces posterior discs

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14
Q

what is the function of the capsular ligaments

A

connect facets and stabilize

reinforce by adjacent muscle (multifidus)

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15
Q

t/f
loss of intervertebral stiffness can lead to abnormal and increased intervertebral motion

A

true

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16
Q

what is the neutral zone

A

amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the least passive resistance form the surrounding tissues

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17
Q

what can increase the neutral zone

A

injury or weakness of surrounding tissues

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18
Q

t/f
marked or chronic instability will not cause further injury

A

false

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19
Q

what is expected if the neutral zone grows larger as disc degeneration/ligamentous injury occurs

A

more laxity/instability in the spine
high stress placed on stabilizing systems

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20
Q

how can core stability be viewed

A

segmental level ad the whole spine level

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21
Q

the neutral zone ____ with injury and degeneration

A

increase

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22
Q

the neutral zone ____ with muscle force

A

decreases

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23
Q

how does DDD alter the spine

A

increases pain and hypermobility of the spine
influences motion of the whole spine

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24
Q

what is the effect of marked/chronic spinal instability

A

can cause further injury to local ligaments

injury to facets, discs, neural structures

loss of pain free ORM

can be surgical

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25
Q

what is the function of the passive system

what structures are included

A

sends feedback to the neural subsystem about joint position
challenges to stability at the passive level

bony structures, ligaments, joint capsules, discs, passive portion of musculotendinous units

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26
Q

what structures are included in the active system

A

muscles and tendons
subject of core exercises

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27
Q

what is the function of the neural subsystem

A

receives and transmits information from/to active/passive systems to manage spine stability

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28
Q

what patients could have compromised neural subsystem

A

patients with LBP
must be considered in core stabilization program

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29
Q

describe how T1 and T10-12 are atypical when compared to the other thoracic vertebra

A

T1: full costal attachment and demi
T10-T12: full costal attachmenti

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30
Q

what plane are the superior/inferior articular facets of the T spine oriented

A

frontal plane

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31
Q

what are the 3 types of ribs and where are the located

A

true ribs (1-7)
false ribs (8-10)
floating ribs (11-12)

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32
Q

what is the shape of the vertebral foramen in the thoracic spine

A

circular

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33
Q

what is the shape of the lumbar vertebrae vertebral foramen

A

flattened triangle

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34
Q

what section of the spine is the vertebral body the largest

A

lumbar

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35
Q

how do articular facets of the lumbar region orient

A

vertically

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36
Q

what joins the 5 segments of the sacrum in children

A

cartilaginous membrane

fuses by adulthood

37
Q

what are the 3 functional components of typical intervertebral joints

A

transverse/spinous processes
apophyseal joints
interbody joint

38
Q

what is the funciton of the transverse/spinous process

A

mechanical levers that increase mechanical leverage of muscles and ligaments

39
Q

what is the function of the apophyseal joints

A

guiding intervertebral motion

40
Q

what is the funciton of the interbody/intervertebral joint

A

absorb and distribute load
highest adhesion between vertebrae
houses axes of rotation
spacer
provides passage for nerves

41
Q

describe apophyseal joints

A

lined with articular cartilage
enclosed by synovial capsule
mechanical barricades

42
Q

what sections of the spine most frequently have small and inconsistently formed accessory structures

A

upper cervical and lumbar

43
Q

what 2 structures make up the disc

A

nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis

44
Q

describe the nucleus pulposus make up

A

pulplike gel mid to posterior aspect of disk
70-90% water in youth

45
Q

what is the purpose of the NP of the disc

A

hydraulic shock absorbing system

dissipates and transfers loads across consecutive vertebrae

gel-like, GAGs

46
Q

describe the annulus fibrosis

A

concentric rings of collagen fibers on the outer portion of the disc

prevents distraction/shear/torsion

outer layer contains disc contains sensory nerves only

outer portion binds to ALL and PLL

47
Q

describe the vertebral end plates

A

cartilaginous caps over superior/inferior surface of vertebral bodies

binds to AF

limited healing at disc d/t limited blood supply

allows for diffusion of oxygen and glucose

48
Q

what can cause reduced permeability through the intervertebral disc

A

degenerative changes

49
Q

how are intervertebral and apophyseal joints protected from compressive forces

A

compressive forces produce hydrostatic pressure in disc and evenly distribute load

50
Q

reduced permeability of the intervertebral disc can cause..

A

inhibition of proteoglycan syntheses
less proteoglycans = less water
less ability to absorb and transfer loads

51
Q

what can cause reduced permeability to the disc

A

excessive/abnormal loads
aging

52
Q

how does the load sharing system of the IVD work

A

end plates are pushed toward NP
collagen/elastin rings resist/balance force
viscoelastic

53
Q

how are IVDs viscoelastic

A

resist a fast/strongly applied load
less resitance to slow.light compression

flexible with low loads, rigid at high loads

54
Q

sustained and full lumbar (flexion/extension) reduces pressure in discs and can allow water to be resorbed into the disc

A

extension

55
Q

what is spinal coupling

A

any movement of the spine in a plane is combined with an automatic and imperceptible movement in another plane

56
Q

what is the normal ROM of throacic flexion/extension

A

flexion: 30-40
extension: 15-20
total: 45-60

57
Q

what is the normal ROM of axial rotation

A

25-35

58
Q

what is the normal ROM of lateral flexion

A

25-30

59
Q

how do ribs move during inspiration

A

shaft of rib elevates upward and outward

60
Q

t/f
elevation of the rib increases AP and ML diameters of the throax

A

true

61
Q

describe how the rib moves during elevation

A

head and neck of rib rotate

62
Q

L1-L4 facets are oriented in what plane

A

facets are vertical
sagittal plane bias

63
Q

L5-S1 junction facets are oriented in what plane

A

frontal plane

64
Q

___ degrees of lordosis of the lumbar spine

A

40-50 degrees

65
Q

what is BWs

A

shear force of body weight directed parallel to the superior surface of the sacrum

66
Q

what is BWc

A

force of body weight directed perpendicular to the superior surface of sacrum

67
Q

what muscles contract for an anterior tilt of the pelvis

A

contraction of hip flexors and back extensors

68
Q

what muscles contract for an posterior tilt of pelvis

A

contraction of hip extensors and abs

69
Q

what position would the pelvis rotate when kicking a soccer ball on the kicking leg

A

posterior tilt

70
Q

what position would the pelvis rotate when extending a leg back

A

anterior tilt

71
Q

what structures resist shear at L5/S1

A

disc
capsule of facets
ALL
wide and sturdy facets

72
Q

how many degrees of flexion is normal in the lumbar spine

A

45-55

73
Q

how many degrees of exension is normal in the lumbar spine

A

15-25

74
Q

how many degrees of axial rotation is normal in the lumbar spine

A

5-7

75
Q

how many degrees of lateral flexion is normal in the lumbar spine

A

20

76
Q

what plane has dominance in the lumbar spine and why

A

sagittal plane
sagittal plane orientation of facets

77
Q

describe the osteokinematics of L3-L4 flexion

A

inferior facts of L3 slide superior/anterior
superior facet of L4 slides inferior/posterior

78
Q

flexion of the lumbar spine causes compression on the ___ aspects of the disc and vertebral bodies

A

anterior

79
Q

flexion of the lumbar spine causes the NP to move (anterior/posterior)

A

posterior

80
Q

describe the arthrokinematics of L3-L4 extension

A

inferior facet of L3 slides inferior/posterior
superior facet of L4 slides superior/anterior

81
Q

full lumbar extension causes inferior articular facets to slide ___ beyond he joint surface

A

inferior

82
Q

t/f
full lumbar flexion reduces pressure within the disc and reduces contact pressure between disc materials and neural tissue

A

false
full lumbar extension reduces pressure within the disc and reduces contact pressure between disc materials and neural tissue

83
Q

in the early phases, trunk extension occurs to a greater extent through extension of the ____

A

hips

84
Q

what are some hip extensor muscles

A

gluteus maximus and hamstrings

85
Q

in the middle phase, trunk extension occurs through the activation of what 2 muscle groups

A

hip extensors
lumbar extensors

86
Q

explain the arthrokinematics of axial rotation of the lumbar spine

A

ipsilateral facet gaps and capsular stretch
contralateral facet impacts

87
Q

> __ degrees at any lumbar segment would damage facet surface and tear AF

A

3 degrees

88
Q

how many degrees of motion is normal for lateral felxion of the lumbar spine

A

20 degrees

Biomechanics II (7 decks)

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