Exam 1 - Axial skeleton muscle and joint interactions Flashcards
once the spinal nerve exits the foramen, the nerve divides into a ___ and a ___ ramus
once the spinal nerve exits the foramen, the nerve divides into a ventral and a dorsal ramus
dorsal ramus forms nerves that innervate…
muscles/joints/skin of the posterior trunk and neck
ventral ramus generally forms nerves that innervate…
muscle/joints/skin of anterior/lateral trunk, neck and extremities
t/f
ventral ramus becomes an individual nerve or plexus
true
t/f
dorsal ramus branches from every spinal nerve root
true
what are the 4 major plexi that are formed by the vental ramus
C1-4 cervical
C5-T1 thoracic
T12-L4 lumbar
L4-S4 sacral
where does the dorsal ramus innervate
structures in the posterior trunk
dermatomes in the posterior trunk
ligs posterior side of vertebrae
capsule of facets
what does the ventral ramus innervate
individual intercostal and recurrent meningeal
strength of a muscle action =
the distance and spatial orientation of the muscle’s line of force relative to the axis of rotation
internal torque (I torque) =
muscle function (MF) + muscle action (MA)
t/f
gravity is considered the prime flexor during trunk flexion
true
what are the superficial layers of muscles of the back
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboids
levator scapula
serratus anterior
what is the intermediate layer of muscles of the back
serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior
what is the deep layer of muscles of the back
erector spinae group (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)
transversospinal group (semispinalis, multifidi, rotatores)
short segments group (interspinalis, intertransversarius muscles)
what are the attachments made by the common tendon of the erector spinae
spinal tubercles of the sacrum
spinous process and supraspinous ligaments in lower thoracic and lumbar region
iliac crest
sacrotuberous and sacroiliac ligaments
gluteus max
multifidi
what is the deepest muscle of the back
roratores
what muscles are rich in muscle spindles
interspinalis muscles, intertransversarius muscles
t/f
the multifidi in the lumbosacral region attaches inferiorly to the capsule of apophyseal joint
true
What are the muscles of the anterior-lateral trunk
rectus abdominis
obliquus externus abdominis
obliquus internus abdominis
transversus abdominis
what is the function of the muscles of the anterior-lateral trunk
support and protect viscera
increase intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure
anterior and posterior rectus sheaths forms the ___
linea alba
where is the attachment of for the rectus abdominis
5-7 cartilaginous portion of ribs
xiphoid process
crest of pubis
what is the function of the rectus abdominis
flexes the thorax and upper lumbar spine
tilts the pelvis posterior
what is the function of the rectus abdominis
flexes the thorax and upper lumbar spine
tilts the pelvis posterior
what is the funciton of the external obliques
lateral felxor and contralateral rotator
bilateral trunk flexor
posterior tilt of pelvis
how do external obliques run
inferior and medial
how do interal obliques run
cranially and medially
what is the function of the internal obliques
ipsilateral rotator
lateral flexor
bilateral flexion of trunk
posterior pelvic tilt
what are the attachments of the transversus abdominis
ribs
iliac crest
inguinal ligament
TL fascia
what is the function of the transversus abdominis
stabilization for other abdominal muscles
increases tension TL fascia
compression of abdominal cavity
what muscle is the deepest core muscle
transversus abdominis
(flexors/extensors) have a higher mass overall and have vertically aligned fibers
extensors
what are the attachments of the quadratus lumborus
illiac crest
iliolumbar ligament
what is the function of the quadratus lumborum
bilateral contraction - extension and vertical stabilization
unilateral contraction - lateral flexion
what muscle can be described as the “hip hiker”
quadratus lumborum
what is the function of the iliopsoas
hip flexor
(anterior pelvis tilt and lumbar extension)
lateral flexion of trunk
where is the flexion moment arm of the psoas major
L5-S1
what 2 muscles in the lumbar spine stabilize when contracted
quadratus lumborum and iliopsoas
what is the passive system
bony structures, ligaments, joint capsule, discs
sends feedback to neural subsystem about joint positions and challenges to stabilize at the passive level
what is the active system
muscles and tendons
what is the neural subsystem
receives and transmits information form and to other 2 systems to manage spinal stability
t/f
neuromuscular control is not affected with patients with LBP
false
neuromuscular control is affected in patients with LBP and should be considered in a core stabilization program
what 2 local muscles are considered primary stabilizers
transversus abdominis
multifidi
what local muscles are considered secondary stabilizers
internal obliques
quadratus lumborum
diaphragm
pelvic floor muscles
iliocostalis
what are the global muscles of the core
rectus abdominis
psoas major
erector spinae
iliocostalis
what are the intrinsic muscle stabilizers of the trunk
semispinalis
multifidi
rotatores
interspinalis
intertransversarius
what are the extrinsic muscle stabilizers of the trunk
rectus abdominis
obliques
transversus abdominis
erector spinae
quadratus lumborum
psoas major
describe the short deep local muscles of the trunk
controls precise alignment and stiffness
high density muscles spindles
describe the global/extrinsic muscles
longer muscles
important torque generators
provide strong links between regions
describe the relationship between the transversus abdominis muscles, the SI joint mechanics, and low back pain
contraction of the transversus abdominis decreases laxity of the SI joint
including TA contraction decreases LBP
what are the 2 phases of a full sit up
trunk flexion phase
hip flexion phase
what is the main muscle activated during the trunk flexion phase of a full sit up
rectus abdominis
what is the main muscle activated during the hip flexion phase of the sit up
hip felxor muscles
t/f
a full sit up places more pressure in discs/more spine flexion
true
what muscles will compensate during a full sit up if the patient has relatively weak abs
hip flexors
pt is at risk for shear
what are come negative consequences of heavy lifting
generates large compression/tension/shear forces
may exceed structural tolerance
injury at macro or microscopic level can lead to
inflammatory cytokines and low back pain
predicted compression force at L5-S1 disc as function of ____ and the ___
load size, distance the loads are held
describe the stoop lift
long external movement arm of load
higher forces of trunk extensors needed
compression and shear forces large
spine flexion - risk to disc
describe the squat lift
lumbar spine may stay extended
reduced moment arm of load - less trunk extensor torque
larger demand on knees
requires higher work metabolically
what are mechanical/structural factors that favor a herniated NP in the lumbar spine
preexisting disc degeneration
hydrated NP capable of exerting high pressure
inability of posterior annulus to resist pressure from migrating NP
sustained/repetitive load applied over flexed and rotated spine
