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Biomechanics II > Exam 1 - Axial skeleton muscle and joint interactions > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Axial skeleton muscle and joint interactions Flashcards

1
Q

once the spinal nerve exits the foramen, the nerve divides into a ___ and a ___ ramus

A

once the spinal nerve exits the foramen, the nerve divides into a ventral and a dorsal ramus

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2
Q

dorsal ramus forms nerves that innervate…

A

muscles/joints/skin of the posterior trunk and neck

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3
Q

ventral ramus generally forms nerves that innervate…

A

muscle/joints/skin of anterior/lateral trunk, neck and extremities

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4
Q

t/f
ventral ramus becomes an individual nerve or plexus

A

true

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5
Q

t/f
dorsal ramus branches from every spinal nerve root

A

true

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6
Q

what are the 4 major plexi that are formed by the vental ramus

A

C1-4 cervical
C5-T1 thoracic
T12-L4 lumbar
L4-S4 sacral

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7
Q

where does the dorsal ramus innervate

A

structures in the posterior trunk
dermatomes in the posterior trunk
ligs posterior side of vertebrae
capsule of facets

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8
Q

what does the ventral ramus innervate

A

individual intercostal and recurrent meningeal

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9
Q

strength of a muscle action =

A

the distance and spatial orientation of the muscle’s line of force relative to the axis of rotation

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10
Q

internal torque (I torque) =

A

muscle function (MF) + muscle action (MA)

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11
Q

t/f
gravity is considered the prime flexor during trunk flexion

A

true

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12
Q

what are the superficial layers of muscles of the back

A

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboids
levator scapula
serratus anterior

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13
Q

what is the intermediate layer of muscles of the back

A

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

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14
Q

what is the deep layer of muscles of the back

A

erector spinae group (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)

transversospinal group (semispinalis, multifidi, rotatores)

short segments group (interspinalis, intertransversarius muscles)

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15
Q

what are the attachments made by the common tendon of the erector spinae

A

spinal tubercles of the sacrum

spinous process and supraspinous ligaments in lower thoracic and lumbar region

iliac crest

sacrotuberous and sacroiliac ligaments

gluteus max

multifidi

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16
Q

what is the deepest muscle of the back

A

roratores

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17
Q

what muscles are rich in muscle spindles

A

interspinalis muscles, intertransversarius muscles

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18
Q

t/f
the multifidi in the lumbosacral region attaches inferiorly to the capsule of apophyseal joint

A

true

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19
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior-lateral trunk

A

rectus abdominis
obliquus externus abdominis
obliquus internus abdominis
transversus abdominis

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20
Q

what is the function of the muscles of the anterior-lateral trunk

A

support and protect viscera
increase intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure

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21
Q

anterior and posterior rectus sheaths forms the ___

A

linea alba

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22
Q

where is the attachment of for the rectus abdominis

A

5-7 cartilaginous portion of ribs
xiphoid process
crest of pubis

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23
Q

what is the function of the rectus abdominis

A

flexes the thorax and upper lumbar spine
tilts the pelvis posterior

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24
Q

what is the function of the rectus abdominis

A

flexes the thorax and upper lumbar spine
tilts the pelvis posterior

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25
Q

what is the funciton of the external obliques

A

lateral felxor and contralateral rotator
bilateral trunk flexor
posterior tilt of pelvis

26
Q

how do external obliques run

A

inferior and medial

27
Q

how do interal obliques run

A

cranially and medially

28
Q

what is the function of the internal obliques

A

ipsilateral rotator
lateral flexor
bilateral flexion of trunk
posterior pelvic tilt

29
Q

what are the attachments of the transversus abdominis

A

ribs
iliac crest
inguinal ligament
TL fascia

30
Q

what is the function of the transversus abdominis

A

stabilization for other abdominal muscles
increases tension TL fascia
compression of abdominal cavity

31
Q

what muscle is the deepest core muscle

A

transversus abdominis

32
Q

(flexors/extensors) have a higher mass overall and have vertically aligned fibers

A

extensors

33
Q

what are the attachments of the quadratus lumborus

A

illiac crest
iliolumbar ligament

34
Q

what is the function of the quadratus lumborum

A

bilateral contraction - extension and vertical stabilization

unilateral contraction - lateral flexion

35
Q

what muscle can be described as the “hip hiker”

A

quadratus lumborum

36
Q

what is the function of the iliopsoas

A

hip flexor
(anterior pelvis tilt and lumbar extension)
lateral flexion of trunk

37
Q

where is the flexion moment arm of the psoas major

A

L5-S1

38
Q

what 2 muscles in the lumbar spine stabilize when contracted

A

quadratus lumborum and iliopsoas

39
Q

what is the passive system

A

bony structures, ligaments, joint capsule, discs

sends feedback to neural subsystem about joint positions and challenges to stabilize at the passive level

40
Q

what is the active system

A

muscles and tendons

41
Q

what is the neural subsystem

A

receives and transmits information form and to other 2 systems to manage spinal stability

42
Q

t/f
neuromuscular control is not affected with patients with LBP

A

false
neuromuscular control is affected in patients with LBP and should be considered in a core stabilization program

43
Q

what 2 local muscles are considered primary stabilizers

A

transversus abdominis
multifidi

44
Q

what local muscles are considered secondary stabilizers

A

internal obliques
quadratus lumborum
diaphragm
pelvic floor muscles
iliocostalis

45
Q

what are the global muscles of the core

A

rectus abdominis
psoas major
erector spinae
iliocostalis

46
Q

what are the intrinsic muscle stabilizers of the trunk

A

semispinalis
multifidi
rotatores
interspinalis
intertransversarius

47
Q

what are the extrinsic muscle stabilizers of the trunk

A

rectus abdominis
obliques
transversus abdominis
erector spinae
quadratus lumborum
psoas major

48
Q

describe the short deep local muscles of the trunk

A

controls precise alignment and stiffness

high density muscles spindles

49
Q

describe the global/extrinsic muscles

A

longer muscles

important torque generators

provide strong links between regions

50
Q

describe the relationship between the transversus abdominis muscles, the SI joint mechanics, and low back pain

A

contraction of the transversus abdominis decreases laxity of the SI joint

including TA contraction decreases LBP

51
Q

what are the 2 phases of a full sit up

A

trunk flexion phase
hip flexion phase

52
Q

what is the main muscle activated during the trunk flexion phase of a full sit up

A

rectus abdominis

53
Q

what is the main muscle activated during the hip flexion phase of the sit up

A

hip felxor muscles

54
Q

t/f
a full sit up places more pressure in discs/more spine flexion

A

true

55
Q

what muscles will compensate during a full sit up if the patient has relatively weak abs

A

hip flexors
pt is at risk for shear

56
Q

what are come negative consequences of heavy lifting

A

generates large compression/tension/shear forces

may exceed structural tolerance

57
Q

injury at macro or microscopic level can lead to

A

inflammatory cytokines and low back pain

58
Q

predicted compression force at L5-S1 disc as function of ____ and the ___

A

load size, distance the loads are held

59
Q

describe the stoop lift

A

long external movement arm of load

higher forces of trunk extensors needed

compression and shear forces large

spine flexion - risk to disc

60
Q

describe the squat lift

A

lumbar spine may stay extended

reduced moment arm of load - less trunk extensor torque

larger demand on knees

requires higher work metabolically

61
Q

what are mechanical/structural factors that favor a herniated NP in the lumbar spine

A

preexisting disc degeneration

hydrated NP capable of exerting high pressure

inability of posterior annulus to resist pressure from migrating NP

sustained/repetitive load applied over flexed and rotated spine

Biomechanics II (7 decks)

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