Thoracic Wall BLK 1 Flashcards
What does viscera mean?
internal organs
what does gross mean?
it can be seen without a microscope
longitudinal sections refer to what?
the section of the body that runs long wise to the body regardless of posture or position
What are oblique sections?
are slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along precise anatomical planes.
what does basal mean?
deep
Define the anatomical position and understand its importance in clinical medicine
Patient standing facing observer, palms facing forward
Allows observer to specify body regions, planes and axis’
(blank) is like sagittal plane, splits the body down the middle into left and right sides.
Median
(blank) splits the body into superior and inferior halves (used in CT scans)
horizontal plane
(blank) splits the body into anterior and posterior (dorsal & ventral).
Coronal plane
(blank) splits the body into left and right sides but split is off the midline.
Sagittal
What axis would we have to move around in order to facilitate movement of the upper limb in the coronal plane?
AP
What axis would we have to move around in order to facilitate movement of the upper limb in the sagittal plane?
transverse/axial
What axis would we have to move around in order to facilitate movement of the upper limb in the axial plane?
verticle, up and down
(blank) are the most common type of joint, usually freely moveable (but not always), is lined with a membrane, opposing surfaces of adjacent bones are lined with articular cartilage.
Synovial joints
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint, usually freely moveable (but not always), is lined by synovial membrane, opposing surfaces of adjacent bones are lined with (blank) cartilage.
articular
What are all the components of a synovial joint?
articular capsule (Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane) articular cartilage, joint cavity containing synovial fluid
What are held together by some type of fibrous tissue e.g. sutures or the interosseus membrane.
fibrous joints (sutures, syndesmosis)
joints are held together by cartilage e.g. epiphyseal plates where they permit growth in length of long bones., or intervertebral discs where fibrocartilage provides shock absorption and strength.
cartilaginous joints
What part of the skin has no blood vessels or lymphatics?
Epidermis
What part of he skin has arrector muscles of hair, collagen, elastic fibers, sebaceous glands, hair follicle?
dermis
What has adipose (fat) tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymph channels.
Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
What is a layer of fibrous connective tissue which can surround individual muscles, and also divide groups of muscles into compartments.
deep fascia
What part of the skin serves as a insulator (temp), protection for bony prominences, a conduit for blood and nerve and lymphatic vessels, contains glandular portion of sweat glands and base of hair follice?
superficial fascia
What is comprised of dense irregular connective tissues, attached to skin by ligaments in superficial fascia, in contact with muscles, sends slips around the muscles and touches investing fascia,
Deep fascia
What is continous around neurovascular bundles, attaches to bones via the periosteum, aids in th emovement of blood through venous systems and is very important in the creation of fascial planes for either allowing or preventing spread of infection or accumulation of fluid.
Deep fascia
What makes up the structural frame of the thorax?
ribs, sternum, cartilages and vertebra
The thorax boundary is defined superiorly by the (blank)and inferiorly by the (blank) . The (blank) completely separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity in the inferior thoracic aperture.
superior thoracic outlet
abdominal cavity
diaphragm (superiorly dome shaped muscles)
What is made of structural frame work, muscles between the ribs, external muscles, fascia and skin on anterolateral aspect only.( The posterior wall is technically considered as part of the back.)
Thoracic wall
What is the thoracic wall made of?
structural framework, muscles b/w ribs, external muscles, fascia and skin on anterolateral aspect only
Where is the superior thoracic aperature located?
superior to the 1 rib
Where is the sternal (subcostal ) angle i.e. angle of louis?
level of the 5th thoracic vertebra
When you take a deep breath, what happens to the infrasternal (subcostal) angle?
it increases (goes outward and ribs also go up)
Where is the heart located in relation to thoracic vertebrae?
between the 5th and 9th
Where is the jugular notch?
top of manubrium of sternum
Where is the xiphisternal joint found?
at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra.
What are some surface landmarks for the thorax?
mid-clavicular lines (medial to the nipple), the mid axillary lines (anterior and posterior), the scapular lines and the paravertebral lines
How many ribs are there?
Which are true ribs?
False ribs?
floating ribs?
12
1-7
8-10
11 and 12
What are typical ribs?
3-9
What are atypical ribs?
1,2, 10-12
What do typical ribs have?
a head with 2 articular facets, a neck, a tubercle, an angle and a body
Where is the most common fracture point on typical ribs?
anterior to the angle
What are some components of atypical ribs?
articulate with only one veterbral body, have tuberosities (protrusion of bone to bind muscle or ligaments) for muscle attachment, be short and can have no tubercle.
Which atypical rib has numerous tuberocities to the muscles and scalenes and attaches to only one veterbrae and it is the only true rib that doesnt have a synovial joint but instead a cartilginous joint making it near immovable. Also not considered to be palpable.
rib 1
The inferior facet binds to the same vertebrae number as the rib number it comes from, however the superior facet bind where?
to the superior rib. I.e 5th rib inferior facet binds 5th vertebrae and superior binds 4th
what solidifes with age?
cartilage
(blank) are the most prominent surface features of the anterior thoracic wall, especially in women
Breasts
Breast is always situated between the (blank) ribs and from the lateral border of sternum to midaxillary line. It is separated from the investing fascia of the pec major by a potential space called the retromammary space
2nd and 6th
what do these make up: gland lobules coopers ligaments (suspensory ligaments) axillary tail of breast pectoralis major muscle lactiferous sinus areola nipple areolar gland lactiferous ducts
The breast and mammary gland
The breast contains the (blank) and mammary. Where as the mammary just contains the (blank)
fat
Gland tissues
what is the number of lactiferous ducts in the breast?
15-20
The size of the non-lactating female breast is determined by the amount of (blank) surrounding the glandular tissue. Before puberty the glandular tissue is undeveloped. At puberty, fat deposition occurs, and (blank) give rise to 15-20 lobes of glandular tissue which drain through the ducts to the nipple. These lobes further divide into lobules.
fat
lactiferous ducts
lobules
Most Lymph from the breast drains to the (blank) nodes first (sentinal). It then flows through the (blank) nodes on its way to the junction of the lymphatic duct with the junction of the (blank) . **Lymph from the breast can go five different directions.
pectoral and interpectoral
central and apical
subclavian and Internal Jugular veins
There is a (blank) in the course and destination of lymph drainage from the right side of the body as compared to the left.
difference
There is only one thoracic duct and it ultimately drains everything except the (blank) of the body to the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular vein. The upper rt quadrant drains to the rt lymphatic duct and empties into the equivalent two structures on the rt side.
upper right quadrant
What is polythelia?
extra nipple
For a breast augmentation, which is safer a subglandular replacement or a submuscular placement?
submuscular so you dont have to destroy coopers ligaments.
What is gynecomastia?
boys develop breasts mammary
What is gynecomastia?
boys develop breasts mammary
Where is the cephalic vein?
goes from your clavicle down through your arms
Intercostal nerves come out in a segmental intervation pattern called a (blank), and they are a continuation of the spinal cord.
dermatome
Intercostal veins drain to the (blank)
azygos system or the internal thoracic
Intercostal veins drain by way of the azygos system because why?
because no vena cava in the vicinity due to presence of the heart.
Intercostal muscles help to maintain the (blank)
spacing between the ribs.
Any muscle attaching to the (blank) has the potential to act as an accessory respiratory muscle by either elevating or depressing the ribs. Examples include the pectoralis major and minor, the scalenes, the serratus posterior and serratus anterior and the levator costarum. Can also make a claim that abdominal muscles are accessory respiratory because of their role in forced expiration.
ribs or sternum
