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Block 1 WK 6 > 900 Histo Epithelium and Glands > Flashcards

900 Histo Epithelium and Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 types of epithelium?

A 
Simple
       Squamous
       Cuboidal
       Columnar 
       Pseudostratified
Stratified
   Squamous
      - Non-keratinized
      - Keratinized 
   Cuboidal
   Columnar
   Transitional
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2
Q

What germ layers is the epithelium found?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of the epithelia?

A

protection, transcellular transport, secretion, absorption, selective permeability, detection of sensation

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4
Q

What kind of transcellular transport does the epithelia participate in?

A

Vesicle-mediated transport of IGA and other molecules
Carrier protein-mediated transport
e.g. amino acids and glucose across intestinal epithelia
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
e.g. across lung alveoli and capillaries

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5
Q

How does the epithelia function in secretion?

A

via exocytosis (e.g. hormones, mucus, proteins)

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6
Q

How does the epithelia function in absorption?

A

by endocytosis (pinocytosis) e.g. proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys

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7
Q

What kind of selective permeability does epithelia typically participate in.

A

tight junctions

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8
Q

What are some example of epithelia functioning in detection of sensations?

A

taste buds, retina of eye and specialized hair cells in the ear

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9
Q

What does the epithelium line?

A

cover all body surface, all body cavities, lines all blood vessels and lympathic vessels

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10
Q

What does simple mean?

A

one cell layer

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11
Q

What does stratified mean?

A

more than one cell layer

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12
Q

Stratified squamous epithelial can be further subdivided into what?

A

nonkeratinized and keratinized

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13
Q

How can a cell be pseudostratified?

A

All cells rest on basal lamina, but not all reach the lumen; appears ‘falsely stratified’.Though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia

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14
Q

What are transitional cells?

A

dome-shaped when relaxed and flattened when stretched

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15
Q

What is located here:
Lining: pulmonary alveoli, loop of Henle, parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule, inner and middle ear, blood and lymphatic vessels (endothelium); pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities (mesothelium)

A

Simple squamos

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16
Q

What is located here:

Distal tubule in kidney, ducts of some glands, surface of ovary

A

Simple cuboidal

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17
Q

What is located here:
Lining: oviducts, ductuli efferentes of testis, uterus, small bronchi, much of digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts in some glands

A

simple columnar

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18
Q

What is located here:
Lining: most of trachea, primary bronchi, epididymis and ductus deferens, auditory tube, part of tympanic cavity, nasal cavity, lacrimal sac, male urethra, and large excretory duct

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

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19
Q

What is located here:

mouth, epiglottis, esophagus, vocal folds, vagina

A

stratified squamos nonkeratinized

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20
Q

What is function of stratified squamos

A

protection

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21
Q

What is function of transitional stratified

A

protection, distensible

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22
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal

A

absorption, secretion

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23
Q

What is function of stratified columnar

A

secretion, absorption, protection

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24
Q

What is the function of simple squamos epithelial?

A

Limiting membrane, fluid transport, gaseous exchange, lubrication, reducing friction, lining membrane

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25
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial?

A

Secretion, absorption, protection

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26
Q

What is the function of simple columnar eptihelial?

A

Transportation, Secretion, absorption, protection

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27
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells epithelial?

A

Secretion, absorption, protection, lubrication, transportation

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28
Q

What is the function of the stratified squamos nonkeritinized epithelium?

A

protection, secretion

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29
Q

What is the function of the stratified squamos keratinizd eptihelial?

A

protection

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30
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelial?

A

protection, distensible

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31
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelial?

A

absorption, secretion

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32
Q

What is the function of stratified columnal epithelial?

A

secretion, absoprtion,protection

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33
Q

What does surfaces does the epithelial cover and is it continuous?

A

the external and internal surfaces and yes it is continuous

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34
Q

Cells of the epithelial have a direction meaning that they are (blank)

A

polarized

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35
Q

the cells of the epithelia possess specific (blank) fibers.

A

intermediate

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36
Q

Epithelial cells are attached by (blank) to form a sheet with little or not intercellular space between cells.

A

junctional complexes

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37
Q

The epithelial cells are separates from underlying tissues by a (blank)

A

basement membrane

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38
Q

Are epithelial cells vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

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39
Q

How do epithelial cells receive nutrition?

A

via diffusion through basement membrane

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40
Q

What type of cells are endothelium and mesothelium cells?

A

simple squamos

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41
Q

What does the mesothelium line?

A

ining of the pericaridal, pleura, & peritoneal cavities

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42
Q

What does the endothelium line?

A

lines the blood, capillaries, & lymphatic vessels.

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43
Q

What cells have surface modifications and are capable of extensive and rapid regeneration?

A

epithelial cells

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44
Q

What part of an epithelial cell faces the surface or lumen? what is its function?

A

apical,

regulation of nutrients and water uptake, regulated secretion

45
Q

What do epithelial cells rest on?

A

basement membrane

46
Q

What is the basal membrane made of?

A

basement membrane receptors
hemidesmosomes
plasma membrane infoldings

47
Q

Celiac sprue results from sensitivity to gluten which is a component of wheat flour. This disease is characterized by a loss of (blank) on the surface epithelium of the small intestine. This abnormality leads to a reduced absorptive capacity with resultant osmotic diarrhea.

A

microvilli

48
Q

what is the horizontal network containing mainly actin in the epithelial cell?

A

terminal web

49
Q

What is made up of actin +villin; cytoplasmic ends embed in terminal web?

A

core of microvilli

50
Q

What are the 5 types of cell surface modifications?

A

microvilli of striated border, microvilli of brush border, sterocilia (microvilli), cilia, flagella

51
Q

Where are microvilli of striated borders located?

A

GI tract, gall bladder

52
Q

Where are microvilli of brush border located?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule of kidney, choroid plexus, placenta

53
Q

Where are stereocilia located (microvilli)?

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, internal ear

54
Q

Where are cilia located?

A

respiratory system, oviduct, uterus, ependyma

55
Q

Where are flagella located?

A

spermatozoa

56
Q

The microtubuls in the cilium have what type of structure?

A

9 + 2 array of microtbules

57
Q

Each cilium has a (blank) body from which it grows. Are they taller or shorter than microvilli? What is the function of it?

A

basal, taller

movement of surface mucus and particulate matter

58
Q

What does kartagener’s syndrome result in?

A

missing dynein arms of cilia which renders them immobile.

Presents clinically with chronic respiration difficulty (bronchitis, sinustis)

59
Q

What disorder makes males sterile and can make situs inversus of viscera (switch of organ position to mirrored position)

A

Kartagener’s syndrome (loss of mobility of cilia)

60
Q

Where is the protein keratin located and what does it do there?

A

epithelial cells, gives strength, aids desmosome-hemidesmosome association (While desmosomes link two cells together, hemidesmosomes attach one cell to the extracellular matrix.)

61
Q

(blank) Give Physical Strength to Cells and Tissues

A

Intermediate Filaments

62
Q

(blank) Junctions are Characteristic of epithelium

A

intercellular

63
Q

Where are junctional complexes found in epithelial cells?

A

on the apical region

64
Q

What is the junctional complex comprised of?

A 
zonula occludens (ZO)
zonula adherens (ZA)
macula adherens (MA)
65
Q

What do intercellular junctions function as?

A 
Permeability barriers (ZO)
Adhesive forces (ZA, MA, hemidesmosomes)
Communication channels (gap junctions)
66
Q

What are 5 types of cell junctions

A 
ZA
ZO
MA
Hemidesmosomes
Gap junctions
67
Q

What does this describe:
adjacent cells are bridged by proteins called connexons (made of connexins) forming a
hydrophilic channel between two cytoplasms

A

gap junctions

68
Q

What does this describe:
a large family of ca+2 dependent
cell-cell adhesion molecules, are one group of molecules that play a vital role in the anchoring function of intercellular junctions.

A

cadherins

69
Q

What is an important mediator of cell-cell adhesion.

A

extracellular calcium 2+

70
Q

Formation of intercellular junctions depends upon (Blank).

Adjacent cells each provide (blank) of the junctional structure.

A

intercellular communication

one-half

71
Q

What prevents lateral migration of specialized membrane proteins, thus establishing specialized membrane domains?

A

ZO

72
Q

What mediates folding of epithelial sheets in embryo?

A

ZA

73
Q

What is used to identify malignant tumors of epithelial origin?

A

MA

74
Q

What are most cells in early embryos coupled with?

A

gap junctions

75
Q

What are the 2 types of functional junctions?

A

tight and gap junctions

76
Q

What are characteristics of tight junctions and where are they located?

A

-transmembrane proteins
-Ca+ dependent
-no cytoskeletal elements
-allows paracellular transport
GI tract, blood/brain, testis

77
Q

What are the characteristics of gap junctions and where are they found?

A

-connexins forming connexons
-hydrophilic channel
-movement of ions and small
molecules
-couples cells electronically and
metabolically
-no cytoskeletal elements
Cardiac muscle

78
Q

What are the three types of mechanical junctions?

A

Adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

79
Q

What are characteristics of adherens?

A
  • anchor to actin microfilaments
    - cadherin (CAMs)
    - Ca+ dependent
80
Q

What are the characteristics of Desmosomes and where are they found?

A

-anchor to keratin (intermediate)
-cadherin (CAMs)
-Ca+ dependent
-strongest junction
Epidermis, oral cavity

81
Q

What are the characteristics of Hemidesmosomes?

A
  • abrasive surfaces (epidermis)
    - keratin
    - integrins (CAMs)
    - laminin (adhesive glycoprotein in GS)
82
Q

What are the 2 levels of the basement membrane and which layer is seen by an electron microscope?

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina.

Basal lamina is seen because it is radiodense

83
Q

What is the basal lamina made of?

product of epithelium

A

glycoprotein (laminan and fibronectin) + GAG and type IV collagen

84
Q

What is the reticular lamina made of?

product of underlying CT

A

Anchoring plaque and fibrils (type IV and VII collagen) and Type I and III collagen

85
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane?

A

Provides attachment of epithelium to connective tissue, selective filtration barrier, embryological function, tissue scaffolding.

86
Q

Is there a direct supply of blood to the epithelium?

A

No

87
Q

Where do you typically find a fusion of 2 basal laminae produced by an epitheliel cell and endothelial cell layer?

A

kidney glomerulus
Alveoli of lung
(due to need of more selective filtration)

88
Q

What is the most common type of basement membrane arrangement?

A

basement membrane that binds epithelia and separates it from connective tissue (anchoring fibrils made of collagen type VII)

89
Q

Where do you find serosa?

A

mesothelium, CT space w/ blood vessels

90
Q

What makes up the mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium w/or w/o glands
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Lamina Propria
  4. Muscularis mucosae
91
Q

You will find mucosa in spaces that are exposed to (blank)

A

environment, such as respiratory , GI tract, urinary tract

92
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

growth into abnormal patterns

93
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

conversion to a normal but different tissue

94
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

abnormally fast growth of abnormal cells

95
Q

Cancerous cells typically lack (blank) junctions

A

gap

96
Q

Tumor cells turn over in (blank) days

A

3

97
Q

What is the criteria used for classifying exocrine glands?

A 
duct arrangment (acinar/tubular or branched/unbranched or simple/compound)
Shape of secretory unit (alveolar (acinar) tubular, tubuloacinar)
type of secretion (serous, mucous, mixed)
Secretory mechanism (merocrine (eccrine) apocrine, holocrin)
98
Q

What does it mean when a duct is compound?

A

it is branches off of the main branch with branches off that

99
Q

What does acinar look like?

A

like an ET finger

100
Q

What kind of secretion is holocrine secretion and what is an example of it?

A

Cell produces and accumulates a secretory product in the cytoplasm-such as sebum in sebacous glands- and then disintegrates to release the secretory material.

101
Q

What kind of secretion is apocrine secretion?

A

some of the apical cytopasm is released and pinched off like cotton candy and it doesnt repair itself. ex) mammary glands secrete milk lipids this way

102
Q

What kind of secretion is merocrine secretion?

A

Secretory vesicle is exoctyosized, also can do endocytosis. ex) milk protein casein is done this way

103
Q

All glands are derived from what?

A

epithelium

104
Q

What is the most common unicellular exocrine gland?

A

goblet cell

105
Q

What is the most common secretory mechanism?

A

merocrine (eccrine)

e.g. sweat glands

106
Q

Typical salvary exocrine glands are what?

A

compound tubuloalveolar

107
Q

Classification by secretion has functional significance.

Serous secretions are found where and what are some characteristics?

A

parotid, exocrine portion of pancreas
Protein rich / carbohydrate poor
End pieces are strongly basophilic due to high rER

108
Q

Mucous secretions come from what type of cell?

A

goblet cell

109
Q

What are mixed secretions and where are they found?

A
  • group of mucous cells capped with a serous cell in the demilune position
  • Carbohydrate rich
  • staining process takes away carbs

Found: submandibular, portions of sublingual

Block 1 WK 6 (10 decks)

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