Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross Anatomy > Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

Thoracic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Define costal margin. What is the significance of the costal margin?

A

lower boundary of the thoracic wall, formed by cartilages of 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs and ends of ribs 11 and 12. Lowest part of the costal margin formed by the 10th rib corresponds to the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of ribs and which ribs are they?

A

True ribs– upper 7 pairs have costal cartilage that attaches to sternum. Posteriorly attach to vertebrae.

false ribs - 8-10, attach indirectly to upper costal cartilages. Posteriorly attach to vertebrae.

floating/free ribs - 11 to 12. Have no anterior attachment. Posteriorly attach to vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define costotransverse joint

A

where facet of transverse process of vertebrae articulates with convex articular surface of tubercle of same number rib. It is a synovial joint. This occurs on upper 2-7 ribs. Allows for some rotation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define costovertebral joint.

A

head of rib articules with body of same vertebra and upper vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the three movements of the thorax during inspiration?

A

1) anterior-posterior (pump handle. ribs 2-6 at costotransverse joints. rotation. increase anterior/posterior dimension), 2) lateral/transverse (bucket handle) at costotransverse joints of ribs 7-10. gliding movement., 3) vertical dimension increased by contraction of diaphragm (diaphragm descends)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where does anterior/posterior movement occur?

A

at the costotransverse joints and at the joi nt between the body and manubrium of the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define the sternum joint.

A

between body of sternum and manubrium. Symphysis joint. The body of the sternum can move slightly forward with the movement of the upper ribs in the pump handle movement, anterior/posterior movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How would you describe the movement of the lower ribs (7-10)?

A

bucket handle/ lateral movement. Movement occurs at the costotransverse joints of rubs 7-10. Gliding movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do the costovertebral joints have a lot of movement?

A

no. the heads of the ribs are closely attached to the superior costal facets on the bodies of the same vertebrae and the inferior facet of the vertebrae above it, allowing only slight gliding and rotation at the costovertebral joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which direction does the diaphragm go with inspiration versus expiration?

A

expiration = ascend, inspiration = descend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the lower border of the thoracic cavity?

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

motor = phrenic nerve (C3, 4, and 5 ). sensory = phrenic in the central portion and intercostal and subcostal nerves in peripheral portion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where would you insert a needle to remove fluid from the pleural cavity?

A

intercostal groove?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the intercostal VAN located?

A

below the rib, near the costal groove.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the primary muscles of the thoracic wall?

A

external intercostal, internal intercostal, transversus thoracis, diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What innervates the intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the action of the external intercostals and where do they attach?

A

they elevate and fix the ribs attach at the lower margin of upper eleven ribs to the superior border of the rib below.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do the muscles of the internal intercostals relate to those of the external intercostals?

A

muscle fibers of internal intercostals are at right angles to external intercostals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where do the inernal intercostals attach?

A

from ridge of inner surface of the rib and costal cartilage to the superior border of the rib below.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of the internal intercostals?

A

depresses ribs and fixes ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

can the internal intercostal be seen from under the external intercostal membrane?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where can the internal intercostal muscles be seen from the inside?

A

under the innermost intercostal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three layers of the innermost layer of muscles in the thoracic wall?

A

transversus thoracis, subcostal, and innermost intercostals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the transversus thoracic do?

A

depresses upper ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the nerves of the thoracic wall?

A

intercostal nerves (ventral rami of T1-T12 thoracic spinal nerves). Subcostal nerve is below 12th rib (ventral rami of spinal nerve 12). These provide motor and sensory to the intercostal muscles and skin. T7-T12 also provide motor and sensory to the abdomen (continue as cutaneous nerves of the abdominal wall– lower abdominal wall also has innervation from lumbar plexus, L1). The nerves travel with the arteries and veins in costal grooves Intercostal nerves have somatic motor, somatic sensory, and sympathetic components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two large terminal branches of the internal thoracic artery and where do they go?

A

Superior epigastric continues downward onto abdominal wall under rectus abdominis. The musculophrenic heads laterally and downward, following the costal cartilage to supply the diaphragm and lower intercostal spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the veins of the thoracic wall?

A

anterior and posterior intercostal veins. The anterior drain into the internal thoracic vein, which empties into the brachiocephalic veins. The posterior drain into azygos system, which empties into the superior vena cava.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define the boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the composition of the thoracic wall

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe the position and attachment of the diaphragm with understanding of the movement during respiration

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

describe the three movements that can increase the dimension of the thoracic cavity during respiration

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

identify the layers of the thoracic wall

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the contents of the intercostal spaces?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what structures protect the thoracic organs?

A

ribs and sternum

36
Q

What is an important landmark to identify or count the ribs on the thoracic wall?

A

Sternal angle, at rib #2

37
Q

With severe pain present for an injured rib, what nerves would be involved?

A

somatic pain of intercostal nerves

38
Q

What is the location of the blood vessels in the thoracic area?

A

in groove below rib

39
Q

What is a major structure that is very important to increasing the vertical dimensions of the cavity during breathing?

A

diaphragm

40
Q

If fluid accumulated in the pleural cavity after an injury, how many layers of muscle would a chest tube have to go through to reach the inside?

A

three layers (external and internal intercostals and transversus thoracis). Could be 4 if in the serratus anterior area.

41
Q

Where would you insert a needle to avoid an artery?

A

above the rib

42
Q

Define suprasternal notch and significance

A

superior margin of the manubrium, palpated between the ends of the clavicles in the midline. Can be used to determine the position of the lower border of the body of the second thoracic vertebra.

43
Q

Define sternal angle and significance

A

angle made between the manubrium and body of the sternum. Lies opposite the interbertebral disc between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae. Felt as a transverse ridge. Lateral movement of the finger will pass onto the second costal cartilage and the second rib.

44
Q

what is the landmark for the second rib?

A

sternal angle

45
Q

define xiphisternal joint and significance

A

attaches to the xiphoid process and body of sternum. Lies opposite body of the 9th thoracic vertebra. Joint forms inferior angle of the body of the sternum. Used to dtermine proper hand position for CPR. Costal margins of ribs 7-10 begin to extend inferiorly from this joint. The xiphoid process calcifies during aging.

46
Q

how do you know where to place hands for CPR?

A

xiphisternal joint between xiphoid process and body of sternum.

47
Q

how does the thoracic cavity communicate with the neck and upper limb?

A

through the superior thoracic aperture

48
Q

what are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

posteriorly = T1 vertebra, laterally = 1st ribs and costal cartilages, anteriorly = superior border of the manubrium.

49
Q

what is the significance of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

the trachea, esophagus, vessels, and nerves that communicate the neck and upper limb with the thoracic cavity pass through here

50
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome? What is an example?

A

symptoms involving structures passing through the superior thoracic aperture. One example is costoclavicular syndrome, which involves symptoms of cold and pallor of the skin of the upper limb and diminished radial pulse. The subclavian artery becomes compressed between the clavicle and the first rib.

51
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

communicates the thoracic cavity with the abdomen. Defined mainly by the diaphragm.

52
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic wall and cavity?

A

upper = suprapleural membrane (located above pleural sac). Lower = diaphragm. Anterior = sternum. Posterior = vertebrae. Lateral = ribs.

53
Q

Why is the sternal angle an important landmark?

A

1) second rib is attached here by costal cartilage, so useful for counting ribs. 2) arch of aorta and bifurcation of trachea lie deep to the sternal angle, 3) located at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5 vertebrae.

54
Q

Where do the ribs attach to the vertebrae?

A
    • The head of the rib articulates with the body of the corresponding vertebrae and the body of the vertebrae superior to it.
    • The neck of the rib connects the head with the tubercle.
    • The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae.
  • -
55
Q

What part of the rib is a common site for fractures?

A

angle

56
Q

which part of the rib has a costal groove at the inferior surface?

A

shaft

57
Q

where do the intercostal nerve, artery, and veins run?

A

costal groove (inferior of rib)

58
Q

What segments of the body does the diaphragm divide?

A

thorax and abdomen

59
Q

what is the chief muscle for respiration?

A

diaphragm

60
Q

What is the diaphragm composed of?

A

peripheral muscular part and a central tendon. Forms two domes, right and left.

61
Q

What are the three origins of the diaphragm? Where does the diaphragm insert?

A

Origins: 1) sternal part (R and L slips from posterior surface of xiphoid), 2) costal part (6 slips from deep surfaces of lower six ribs and costal cartilages), 3) vertebral part, from crura/legs of diaphragm and from arcuate ligaments. There are right and left crura.

Insertion: central tendon, which is fused to the fibrous pericardium.

62
Q

What does the central tendon do?

A

helps support the heart

63
Q

What is the most important function of the muscles of the thoracic wall?

A

stabilizing the ribs and thoracic cage during inspiration and expiration. Also contributes to posture.

64
Q

Where do the muscles of the thoracic wall extend from?

A

vertebrae to sternum.

65
Q

Where are the muscle sheaths of the thoracic wall muscles located?

A

between the ribs

66
Q

the muscle fibers contained within a sheath may be replaces or continued by a ——-?

A

membrane that does not contain muscle fibers. The external intercostal muscle fibers are replaced anteriorly by an external intercostal membrane.

67
Q

In which muscle layer do the nerves and arteries run?

A

between 2nd and 3rd

68
Q

the fibers of the external intercostal muscles course in which direction?

A

inferiorly and anteriorly

69
Q

what muscles are contained in the outermost, middle, and innermost layer of thoracic wall muscles?

A

outermost = external intercostals, middle = internal intercostals, innermost = transversus thoracis, innermost intercostal, and subcostal.

70
Q

What do all of the intercostal muscles do in common?

A

act to fix the ribs

71
Q

which intercostal muscles are replaced by a membrane anteriorly? posteriorly?

A

external intercostals are replaced by a membrane anteriorly near the sternum. This membrane overlays the internal intercostals. The internal intercostal muscle fibers are located from the sternum anteriorly and are eventually replaced posteriorly by a membrane.

72
Q

what is the most anterior section of muscle of the innermost intercostal muscles?

A

transversus thoracis

73
Q

what bony landmark are the transversus thoracis muscle fibers near?

A

sternum

74
Q

What are the three sections of innermost intercostal muscles?

A

transversus thoracis, innermost intercostal, and subcostal

75
Q

What are the main arteries involved in blood supply of the thoracic wall?

A

thoracic aorta, subclavian artery, and some from axillary artery.

76
Q

The first two intercostal spaces are supplied by the _____ artery?

A

superior intercostal artery (between ribs 1-2 and 2-3). This artery is a branch of the axillary artery (from the subclavian)

77
Q

Where is the blood supplied to the intercostal spaces?

A

below each rib in the costal groove

78
Q

The intercostal spaces 3-4 through 11-12 are supplied by____ arteries?

A

anteriorly supplied by anterior intercostal artery off of the internal thoracic artery from the subclavian. Posteriorly supplied by he posterior intercostal arteries off of the thoracic aorta.

79
Q

Blood supply to the inferior margin of the twelfth rib is from?

A

subcostal arteries, which are branches of the thoracic aorta

80
Q

What are the major vessels of the anterior thoracic wall and where do they branch off?

A

internal thoracic arteries, from the subclavian.

81
Q

What are branches of the internal thoracic artery (not the terminal branches)?

A

anterior intercostal arteries, anterior perforating arteries, pericardiophrenic arteries.

82
Q

What is the significance of the anastomotic connection between the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries?

A

if there is a blockage of one artery, the blood could bypass the blockage by coming from the other source.

83
Q

What nerves provide motor and sensory to abdomen?

A

T7-T12 provide motor and sensory to the abdomen (continue as cutaneous nerves of the abdominal wall) Lower abdominal wall also has innervation from lumbar plexus, L1.

84
Q

What type of joint is the costovertebral joint?

A

synovial plane joint

85
Q

What are the contents of the intercostal space from external to internal?

A

1) intercostal muscles, external and internal intercostal, 2) intercostal arteries, posterior and anterior, 3) intercostal veins, 4) intercostal nerves, 5) innermost intercostal muscles.

86
Q

Where does the intercostal VAN run?

A

below the costal groove of the ribs between the second internal) and third (innermost) muscle layers of the thorax.

87
Q

What are the components of the thoracic wall outermost to inner as it relates to the clinical application of a needle insertion to drain excess fluid in the pleural cavity?

A

skin, fascia *fat, connective tissue, serratus anterior, external intercostal, internal intercostal, area where vessels are, innermost intercostal, parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura

Gross Anatomy (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions